2. The college of Forensic Medicine in Kunming Medical University Bingying Xu, Tel:13769175605 Email:bingying_xu@126.com

3. ABO blood typing

4. Outline Part one Introduction Part two ABO blood typing Part three Experiment operation for ABO typing

5. 1.Blood groups The genetic differences of blood Part one Introduction RBCs group WBCs group Serological type

6. Part one Introduction 2.RBCs groups The genetic differences of RBCs ABO group Rh, MN,P,lewis,kidd

7. 3.Whole Blood Part one Introduction

8. Composition of Blood Plasma: Fluid component – Water (90%) – plasma proteins – Other solutes Formed elements: Cells and fragments – RBCs (erythrocyte ) – WBCs (leukocyte ) – Platelets

9. In Plasma,there are some useful antibodies in forensic or medical application. such as anti- A,anti-B On the surface of RBCs,there are many antigens, such as A,B. 3.Whole Blood

10. 10 4.Blood Typing Antigens –Surface of red blood cells –Responsible for blood-type characteristics More than 15 blood antigen systems are identified ABO, Rh systems are the most important Systems.

11. 4.Blood Typing Antibodies – In the plasma. – Responsible for blood-type characteristics at the same time.

12. 5.History ---- In 1900,Karl Landsteiner found 4 different kinds of blood –A,B,AB and O(A-B-O system). ----A few years later, a series of antigen-antibody reactions were discovered in blood, the most common ones being ABH, MN, Rh, and Gm (over 100 antigens exist).

13. Part two ABO blood type

14. ABO blood type 1.The percentage of all kinds of blood type: Type O—46% Type A—40% Type B—10% Type AB—4%

15. 2.ABO blood types

16. blood type Surface Antigens Antibodies A A Anti-B B B Anti-A AB A, B none O Anti-A Anti-B ABO Antigens and Antibodies

17. Homologous Chromosomes Genes From FatherFrom Mother Diploid = Two copies of each type of chromosome Loci = Physical position of a gene on a chromosome Allele = Alternate forms of a gene: Alleles have the same position (locus) on a pair of homologous chromosomes

18. allele homozygous ： A pair of alleles is the same as each other. Heterozygous ： A pair of alleles is not the same as each other. A A O A homozygous Heterozygous

19. allele A pair of alleles determines a genetic character. AA A AO A AB 00 O BB B BO B

20. ABO TYPE Phenotype Genotype A AA or AO B BB or BO AB O OO

21. Father A + Mother B Child ?

22. Father A + Mother B Child A,B,AB,O

23. A O B O A B O B AB Child1 BO Child2

24. A O B O A O O AO Child3 OO Child4

25. Other Examples MomDadOffspring Blood Group AABB100% AB AOBB50% each of AB or B AOBO4 kinds of blood group AABO50% each of AB or A

26. Part three —Detecting ABO blood groups 1. Experimental purposes 2.Experiment principle 3.Experimental procedures

27. 1.Experimental purposes To grasp the method of ABO blood tpying. To be familiar with agglutination reactions of RBCs and judge the agglutination result.

28. 2.Experiment principle of Blood Typing Antigen –antibody reactions Specific antigen on the surface of red blood cell and serum antibody in the plazma can particularly combine and cause agglutination reactions.

29. ABO Blood Typing Antigen –antibody agglutination reactions Anti-A+A-RBC

30. 3.To judge the agglutination result. phenomenonResultsMeaning Agglutination + With relevant antigens _ With no relevant antigens

31. 4.Experimental procedures Take fingertip blood agglutination reactions judgement of results

32. to be prepared - Mark With saline(sodium chloride) A B Hollow glass plate

33. To Collect blood Sterilize -Alcohol swab To Pierce skin Squeeze the partial finger

34. anti -A anti -B A tube B tube 2 drops A B 1. marking 2. add anti – A 、 anti – B antibodies

35. Mix up saline RBCs suspension 2 drops blood 1 drop RBCs suspension A B 1 drop RBCs suspension

36. anti –A+ RBCs suspension anti –B+ RBCs suspension A tube B tube Mix A B Anti-A anti –B

37. Place in a room temperature for 15mins Whether agglutination A B

38. To judge the agglutination result. Agglutination is positive. （ + ） No agglutination is negative. （ — ） positive. negative

39. Results - ABO Positive typing Antibodies known Unknown cells1 Unknown cells2 Unknown cells3 Unknown cells4 A(anti-A)+_+_ B(anti-B)_++_ ResultsABABO

40. Test report (1) Experimental purposes (2) Experiment principle (3) Experimental procedures (4) Experimental results (5) Experimental analysis

41. Thank you!