1. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

2. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11 Congress

3. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11 Learning Objectives Characterize the backgrounds of members of Congress and assess their impact on the ability of members of Congress to represent average Americans. Identify the principal factors influencing the outcomes in congressional elections. 11.1 11.2

4. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11 Learning Objectives Compare and contrast the House and Senate, and describe the roles of congressional leaders, committees, caucuses, and staff. Outline the path of bills to passage and explain the influences on congressional decision making. 11.3 11.4

5. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11 Learning Objectives Assess Congress’s role as a representative body and the impact of representation on the scope of government. 11.5

6. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Representatives and Senators  The Members  Why Aren’t There More Women in Congress? 11.1

7. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Members  Not a glamorous job, but there are perks Power $174,000 annual salary Generous retirement and health benefits  Constitutional requirements House: 25, citizen for 7 years Senate: 30, citizen for 9 years Reside in state 435 Representatives; 100 senators 11.1

8. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved TABLE 11.1 Portrait of the 114th Congress 11.1

9. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Members  Demographics Descriptive versus substantive representation 11.1

10. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Arab-American Heritage festival 11.1 Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images

11. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Why Aren’t There More Women in Congress?  Fewer women running Childcare Risk averse  Bias Must be more qualified 11.1

12. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.1 How old do you have to be to run for the office of senator? a.25 b.35 c.30 d.21 11.1

13. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.1 How old do you have to be to run for the office of senator? a.25 b.35 c.30 d.21 11.1

14. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Congressional Elections  Who Wins Elections?  The Advantages of Incumbency  The Role of Party Identification  Defeating Incumbents  Open Seats  Stability and Change 11.2

15. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Incumbents Over 90% win reelection in House Senators do not have it as easy  Incumbents perceive themselves as vulnerable Hence fundraising and campaigning Who Wins Elections? 11.2

16. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 11.1 Incumbency factor in congressional elections 11.2

17. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Advantages of Incumbency  Advertising Constituent contact  Credit claiming Casework Pork barrel projects 11.2

18. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Big Dig 11.2 David L. Ryan/The Boston Globe/Getty Images

19. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Advantages of Incumbency  Position taking  Weak opponents  Campaign spending 11.2

20. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Role of Party Identification  Parties and districts Drawn for one-party dominance 11.2

21. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Defeating Incumbents  Challengers are naïve But sometimes incumbents are vulnerable  Redistricting  Public mood 11.2

22. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Open Seats and Stability and Change  Vacant seat means no incumbent running Most turnover occurs here  Stability from incumbency Development of expertise  Term limits? 11.2

23. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.2 Why do incumbents have such a strong electoral advantage? a.They attract more campaign contributions b.They can use the congressional franking privilege c.They have more name recognition d.All of the above 11.2

24. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.2 Why do incumbents have such a strong electoral advantage? a.They attract more campaign contributions b.They can use the congressional franking privilege c.They have more name recognition d.All of the above 11.2

25. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved How Congress is Organized to Make Policy  American Bicameralism  Congressional Leadership  The Committees and Subcommittees  Caucuses: The Informal Organization of Congress  Congressional Staff 11.3

26. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved American Bicameralism  Bicameral legislature Bills must pass both houses Checks and balances Result of Connecticut Compromise  The House More institutionalized and seniority-based Rules Committee  The Senate The Filibuster Less centralized and seniority-based 11.3

27. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved TABLE 11.2 House versus Senate: Some key differences 11.3

28. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Congressional Leadership  Chosen by party  The House Speaker of the House Majority and minority leaders Whips  The Senate Vice president Majority leader  Congressional Leadership in Perspective 11.3

29. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Congressional Leadership 11.3 J. Scott Applewhite/AP Images; Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images News/Getty Images; Alex Wong/Getty Images News/Getty Images

30. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Committees and Subcommittees  Four types of committees Standing committees Joint committees Conference committees Select committees 11.3

31. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved TABLE: 11.3 Standing committees in the Senate and in the House 11.3

32. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Committees and Subcommittees  The Committees at work: Legislation  The Committees at work: Oversight 11.3

33. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Congressional committee at work 11.3 Jonathan Ernst/Reuters

34. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved TABLE 11.4 Sharing oversight of homeland security 11.3

35. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Getting on a committee Constituent needs Appealing to leadership  Committee chairs and the seniority system Committees and Subcommittees 11.3

36. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Caucuses: The Informal Organization of Congress  As important as formal structure  Dominated by caucuses 500 caucuses today Goal is to promote their interests Black Caucus, Hispanic Caucus 11.3

37. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Congressional Hispanic Caucus 11.3 Lauren Victoria Burke/AP Images

38. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Congressional Staff  Personal staff Casework Legislative functions  Committee staff 2,000 staff members Legislative oversight  Staff agencies Congressional Research Service (CRS) Government Accountability Office (GAO) Congressional Budget Office (CBO) 11.3

39. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.3 How many staff members does Congress employ to help it do its job? a.More than 11,000 b.3,200 c.Less than 2,000 d.Staff are volunteers from the member’s constituency, and their numbers vary 11.3

40. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.3 How many staff members does Congress employ to help it do its job? a.More than 11,000 b.3,200 c.Less than 2,000 d.Staff are volunteers from the member’s constituency and their numbers vary 11.3

41. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Congressional Process and Decision Making  Presidents and Congress: Partners and Protagonists  Party, Constituency, and Ideology  Lobbyists and Interest Groups 11.4

42. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 11.2 How a bill becomes a law 11.4

43. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Presidents and Congress: Partners and Protagonists  President’s legislative agenda Persuade Congress Work at the margins but usually win Yet Congress is quite independent 11.4

44. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Party, Constituency, and Ideology  Party influence Economic and social welfare policies  Polarized politics Parties more internally homogeneous Less likelihood of compromise 11.4

45. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 11.3 Increasing polarization in Congress 11.4

46. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Party, Constituency, and Ideology  Constituency opinion versus member ideology Trustees versus instructed delegates 11.4

47. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Lobbyists and Interest Groups  D.C. is crawling with lobbyists 12,000 of them Spent $3 billion in 2011 Former members of Congress  How lobbyists persuade Provide policy information Provide promises of money Ghostwrite legislation Status quo usually wins  Disclosure requirements 11.4

48. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.4 On what tactics do lobbyists rely to influence policy in Congress? a.Promising money for reelection campaigns b.Providing expert policy information c.Ghostwriting legislation d.All of the above 11.4

49. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.4 On what tactics do lobbyists rely to influence policy in Congress? a.Promising money for reelection campaigns b.Providing expert policy information c.Ghostwriting legislation d.All of the above 11.4

50. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Congress and Democracy  Congress and the Scope of Government 11.5 Understanding Congress

51. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Congress and Democracy  Democracy depends upon successful representation  Congress unrepresentative Members are elites Leadership chosen, not elected Senate based on states, not population  Obstacles to good representation Constituent service Reelection campaigns  Representativeness versus Effectiveness 11.5

52. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Congress and the Scope of Government  Does size of government increase to please public? Pork barrel spending  Contradictory preferences Against large government, for individual programs 11.5

53. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.5 How does the Senate undermine democratic representation? a.Its members tend not to show up for roll call votes b.It is forbidden from overriding a presidential veto c.It represents states rather than people d.None of the above 11.5

54. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.5 How does the Senate undermine democratic representation? a.Its members tend not to show up for roll call votes b.It is forbidden from overriding a presidential veto c.It represents states rather than people d.None of the above 11.5

55. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Discussion Questions Based on what you have learned in this chapter, do you prefer the trustee or instructed delegate model of representation? Which model is closer to the system we have now? 11