7. FALLACY = ‘fallere’ (latin) – to deceive FALSE ARGUMENT THAT HAS THE APPEARANCE OF THE TRUTH HAS 2 SIDES: SOPHISM & PARALOGIM SOPHISM: DECEPTION IS INTENTIONAL PARALOGISM: IGNORANCE ON CORRECT REASONING (IGNORANCE ON THE RULES)

17. RELEVANCE WEAK INDUCTION PRESUMPTION AMBIGUITY GRAMMATICAL ANALOGY

18. premises that are logically irrelevant to the conclusion premises are relevant psychologically, so the conclusion may seem to follow from the premises, even though it does not follow logically.

19. 1. ACCIDENT 2. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM Abusive Circumstantial tu quoque (“you too”) 3. ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM Direct Indirect Bandwagon Vanity Snobbery 4. ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM 5. ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM 6. STRAW MAN 7. IGNORATIO ELENCHI 8. RED HERRING 9. APPEAL TO ADVANTAGE

20. FALLACY OF ACCIDENT

21. GENERAL RULE: GENEROSITY IS GOOD SPECIFIC CASE: GENEROSITY ON EXAM ANSWERS

22. 1. ACCIDENT what is true as a general RULE/POLICY is also ASSUMED true in some special cases. E.g. All good soldiers should obey their superiors’ orders. Therefore, they should also obey the captain even if he is asking you to rape the nurse in duty... a male nurse! One has to tell the truth always. Thus, if a murderer confesses his crime to a priest, it is but proper for the priest to reveal the truth to the authority.

23. 1. Ad hominem abusive 2. Ad hominem circumstantial 3. Tu quoque

24. 2. ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM: ABUSIVE (Attack against Man) Consists in attacking the person instead of proving or disproving the point at issue. E.g. Don’t believe him! He’s gay! Are you going to agree with what that dirty pig is saying?

25. AD HOMINEM: ABUSIVE

31. Social Darwinists such as Herbert Spenser hold that the development and structure of human societies can be explained in terms of evolutionary principles such as the survival of the fittest. But I reject Social Darwinism because Spenser was a real bonehead.

33. AD HOMINEM:CIRCUMSTANTIAL USING INDIRECT REFRENCES OR EVENTS THAT WILL AFFECT THE OPPONENT ATTENTION IS DIRECTED TO THE EVENTS AND NOT ON THE CHARACTER

35. Of course, you’d argue that death penalty is a bad thing. You’re a pro- life! Oh yeah, a man, and not a woman, for president sounds great! Look who’s proposing it: a male chauvinist!

36. Salesman: This car gets better than average gas mileage and is one of the most reliable cars according to Consumer Reports. Will: I doubt it—you obviously just want to sell me that car.

37. AD HOMINEM: TU QUOQUE (latin) IKAW DIN E! E BAT IKAW! YOU TOO! It attempts to defend oneself from criticism by turning the critique back against the accuser Diversionary tactic to put the accuser to defend himself against the accusation. second arguer attempts to make the first appear to be hypocritical or arguing in bad faith.

38. Child to parent: Your argument that I should stop stealing candy from the corner store is no good. You told me yourself just a week ago that you, too, stole candy when you were a kid.

39. Discipline Officer: Don’t Smoke! Student A: How about you? Whew, as if you don’t smoke!

41. Mobilizing public sentiment instead of resorting to rational argument and concrete evidence. APPEAL TO PEOPLE

42. Direct approach: mob mentality/ exciting the emotions of the crowd Indirect approach: arguer aims his or her appeal not at the crowd as a whole but at one or more individuals separately, focusing on some aspect of their relationship to the crowd. 1. BANDWAGON ARGUMENT 2. APPEAL TO VANITY 3. APPEAL TO SNOBBERY

43. 1. BANDWAGON: you will be left behind or left out of the group if you do not comply. E.g. Of course you want to buy Zest toothpaste. Why, 90 percent of America brushes with Zest.

46. AD POPULUM: APPEAL TO VANITY The idea being that you too will be admired and pursued if you use/ do it.

47. "An intelligent and discerning person like you naturally sees the force of my argument." "I use Love Soap. I'm worth it, and so are you!"

48. You should certainly be the one who washes the dishes - - you are just so good at it! Salesguy: You should definitely buy this car. You look so good in it -- you look at least ten years younger behind that wheel. Tamera: I’ll take it!

49. 3. APPEAL TO SNOBBERY A Rolls Royce is not for everyone. If you qualify as one of the select few, this distinguished classic may be seen and driven at British Motor Cars, Ltd. (By appointment only, please.)

50. Only La Sallians can wear green in this basketball tournament! This company only hires graduates from UP, DLSU, Ateneo, and UST!

52. ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM: APPEAL TO PITY Consists in pleading for mercy and disregarding the point in question.

53. A student should be given a passing grade because he is soon to graduate, or because if he fails the course… his parents would kill him.

54. Go ahead! Live with your boyfriend. Who am I to say “No?” I’m just your mother. Break my heart!c

55. Your Honor, it’s true that I killed my parents. I fully admit that I murdered them in cold blood. But I should get a light sentence. After all, I am an orphan.

56. ARGUMENTUM AD BACULUM: APPEAL TO FORCE OR THREAT physical force or moral pressure rather than the merit of the point at issue.

59. BEAU! SABI NI COACH PAG DI TAYO MANALO WALA KA NG EXTRA RICE!

60. Father to daughter: “Be home by nine tonight or you can forget about the increase in allowance next week.”

62. Sige ka! Pag di mo ako kiniss, break na tayo!

64. STRAWMAN FALLACY: EXAGGERATION distorting an earlier argument

66. attempt to exaggerate the first person’s argument

67. The garment workers have signed a petition arguing for better ventilation on the work premises. Unfortunately, air conditioning is expensive. Air ducts would have to be run throughout the factory, and a massive heat exchange unit installed on the roof. Also, the cost of operating such a system during the summer would be astronomical. In view of these considerations the petition must be rejected.

68. Mr. Goldberg has argued against prayer in the public schools. Obviously Mr. Goldberg advocates atheism. But atheism is what they used to have in Russia. Atheism leads to the suppression of all religions and the replacement of God by an omnipotent state. Is that what we want for this country? I hardly think so. Clearly Mr. Goldberg’s argument is nonsense.

69. IGNORATIO ELENCHI: IRRELEVANT CONCLUSION – IGNORANCE OF THE PROOF/ ISSUE DRAWING CONCLUSION WITH INSUFICIENT EVIDENCE

70. Crimes of theft and robbery have been increasing at an alarming rate lately. The conclusion is obvious: we must reinstate the death penalty immediately. IS THE CONCLUSION APPROPRIATE? WOULD THAT SOLVE THE ISSUE?

71. Abuse of the welfare system is rampant nowadays. Our only alternative is to abolish the system altogether.

72. arguer diverts the attention of the reader or listener by changing the subject to a different one!

73. red herring (or bag of them) is dragged across the trail with the aim of leading the dogs astray.

75. There is a good deal of talk these days about the need to eliminate pesticides from our fruits and vegetables. But many of these foods are essential to our health. Carrots are an excellent source of vitamin A, broccoli is rich in iron, and oranges and grapefruits have lots of vitamin C.

76. Professor Conway complains of inadequate parking on our campus. But did you know that last year Conway carried on a torrid love affair with a member of the English Department? The two used to meet every day for clandestine sex in the copier room. Apparently they didn’t realize how much you can see through that fogged glass window. Even the students got an eyeful. Enough said about Conway.

77. ONE IS COMPELLED TO DO SOMETHING BECAUSE THE ADVANTAGE AND BENEFIT PREFERRED IS GIVEN IN RETURN! APPEAL TO ADVANTAGE

78. adherence to a policy, or performance of an act is made contrary to the person’s will. A client offers a government official a huge amount of money provided… the latter facilitate or give a favorable decision on some transactions in which the client has some interest.

79. A rich man offers to pay the hospital bills of a beautiful young girl’s sick mother, provided… the girl allows herself to be his mistress.