1. Bacterial Transformation By Lexi Chase & Colleen Magowan

2. Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer ● Studied E. Coli PSC101 gene ● Transfers antibiotic resistance ● Also transferred frog genes to bacteria

3. Restriction Enzymes ● Cuts plasmid at one specific sequence ● Creates sticky ends

4. Ligase Glue plasmid & old DNA together: creates recombinant DNA Antibiotic resistant plasmid was being created

5. Heat Shocking the E. Coli … ● Creates a pressure difference between inside and outside of the cell ● Forms pores--->new genes (from plasmid) get in

6. How did they find it? ● DNA sequencing WITHOUT COMPUTERS ● Lots of guess and check ● By hand, they searched for repetition and patterns within the human genome (1,000’s of genes)

7. Results ● Bacteria that grew in the presence of both antibiotics contained the recombinant DNA ● Bacteria that only grew on one contained the old plasmids

8. Yes! Cohen & Boyer went on to add toad genes to bacteria Later generations of bacteria kept making the toad proteins from the genes Interspecies gene swaps are possible Can we do this with human genes?

9. Heat shocking: is it worth it? Yes! ● Less efficient without heat shocking

10. Sources http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1973_Boyer.php http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/pharmaceuticals/preserving-health-with-biotechnology/berg- boyer-cohen.aspx https://www.google.com/search?q=fire&rlz=1C1CHWA_enUS626US626&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwisnq3x59XKAhXGph 4KHfZQC2AQ_AUIBygB&biw=1366&bih=599#tbm=isch&q=fire+clipart&imgrc=I74Li8iHvTBcgM%3A https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_clawed_frog http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K338001 http://www.bville.org/teacherpage.cfm?teacher=427