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Published byBartholomew Anthony Modified over 9 years ago
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BLOOD
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一、 CONSTRUCTION Plasma (I.M.) : 55% Hemocytes(cells) : 45% erythrocytes leucocytes blood platelets * hematocrit(packed red cell volume, 红细胞压积 ): 45% Plasma Leucocytes & Platelets Erythrocyte *using anticoagulants
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components same as that of plasma but fibrinogen 90% water albumin 10% others : fibrinogen plasma pr. enzymes Ig. etc. Lipid hormones Vitamins inorganic salts metabolites 1. Plasma serum Blood clots Serum
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瑞特氏染色( Wright’s stain ) 、基姆萨染色( Giemsa )等。 染液组成 伊红 美蓝 O2O2 天青 可显示 : 嗜酸性结构 嗜碱性结构 中性结构 嗜天青结构 blood smear stainsblood smear stains w/ Wright or Giemsa w/ Wright or Giemsa
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Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets blood smearblood smear
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BLOOD CELLS Erythrocytes: 4.2 ~ 5.5×10 12 /L(M) 3.5 ~ 5.0×10 12 /L(F) *Hb: 120 ~ 150g/L(M) ; 105 ~ 135g/L(F) Leukocytes: 4 ~ 10×10 9 /L neutrophils 50 ~ 70% Granulocytes eosinophils 0.5 ~ 3 % basophils 0 ~ 1% Agranulocytes lymphocytes 20 ~ 30% monocytes 3 ~ 8% Platelets: 100 ~ 300×10 9 /L
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Erythrocyte biconcave discs , 7.5 ~ 8.5μm , flexible no nuclei , no organelles rich in Hb : 105 ~ 150g/L blood group (ABO; Rh…):
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扫描电镜
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PLASMALEMMA RBC CYTOSKELETON ACTIN FILAMENTS SPECTRIN 血影蛋白 肌动蛋白丝 质膜
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Function Binding & transporting O 2 and CO 2 In lungs In organs & tissues CO 2 +HbO 2 HbCO 2 +O 2
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Anemia : R.B.C < 3×10 12 /L or Hb< 100g/L megaloblastic anemia ( 巨细胞贫血 ) : >9 μm iron deficiency anemia: ( 缺铁性贫血 ) <6 μm Osmotic stress abnormal: hypotonic ( 低滲 ) : RBC swelling & hemolysis (remain ghost 血影 ) ; hypertonic ( 高滲 ): RBC collapsing Pathology
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0.5 ~ 1.5% containing ribosomes & Mit. (stained by brilliant cresyl blue) increase in anemia Indicator of hematopo- ietic capacity of the bone marrow. Reticulocytes
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Leukocytes Spherical, nucleate & colorless Contain specific or nonspecific gralules Amoeboid movement Phagocytosis except for lymphocytes Involved in defense against foreign materials
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Leukocytes: 4 ~ 10 × 10 9 /L neutrophil 50 ~ 70% Granulocyte eosinophil 0.5 ~ 3 % basophil 0 ~ 1% Agranulocyte lymphocyte 20 ~ 30% monocyte 3 ~ 8%
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A. Neutrophils D=10 ~ 12μm; Nuclear: polymorphous 2 ~ 5 lobes increase w/ the age of the cells. Specific Granules: 80%, fine (0.3 ~ 0.4μm ) neutrophilic (light reddish) Azurophilic granules: 20%, larger, purple ( 嗜天青颗粒 )
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E.M. S.G.: medium-dense containing A.K.P, phagocytins lysozymes A.G.: lysosomes containing A.C.P. peroxidase
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Function Mobility(chemotaxis): Attracted by polymorpho- nuclear chemotactic factor (released by macrophages) Phagocytose & destroy bacteria: the number of leukocytes↑ acute the % of neutrophils↑ bacteria infection ** cell mark: peroxidase and CD 15
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B. Eosinophilis D = 10 ~ 15μm; Nu.: 2 ~ 5 lobes S.G.: uniformity, large (0.5 ~ 1.0μm ), bright red or orange (acidophilic)
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S.G.: ovoid, w/ granule matrix & a elongated crystalloid core Containing: acid phosphatase, peroxidase, histaminase. E.M.
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Function Chemotaxis: attracted by chemotactic factor from the mast cells Phagocytize: foreign bodies, Ag-Ab complex Release histaminase: inactivate histamine for weakening allergic reaction Antiparasite * It is increased in patients infected w/ allergic reaction or parasite
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C. Basophilics D = 10 ~ 12μm Nucleus: irregular or S-shaped S.G.: large (various size), basophilic (dark blue), cover nuclear, distribute unevenly & metachromasia
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EM & FN E.M.: S.G. w/ fine grains, containing heparin, histamine, leukotriene F.N.: anticoagulate responsible to allergic reaction
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D. Monocytes Largest, 14 ~ 20μm, bluish-grey staining Nu.: kidney- or horseshoe-shaped w/ delicate net-like Chromatin Cytoplasm: abundant, gray blue, w/ fine azurophilic granules
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E.M : A.G.: lysosomes (peroxidase, A.C.P., non-specific esterase); Phagocytic vacuoles F.N. : amoeboid movement & obvious chemotaxis Phagocytosis (mono- nuclear phagocytic system, MPS) differentiate into macrophage (out B.V.) **mark: CD 14
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E. Lymphocytes 3 types: small 6 ~ 8μm; medium-sized 9 ~ 12μm; large 13 ~ 20μm Small lymphocyte(90%): LM: Round or ovoid; Nu.: sphericity w/ indentation, condensed chromatin, dark staining. Cytoplasm: scanty, as a thin rim in light-blue w/ azurophilic granules lacking peroxidase
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Large lymphocytemedium lymphocyte small lymphocyte
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Classification* function# T-Cell: 75% cellular immunity B-Cell: 10-15% humoral immunity large granule lymphocyte (K & NK cell) * based on the source, characteristics on cellular membrane, life & function # immunological defence Classification & Function
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Blood platelets Megakaryocyte’ s fragment, in clumps LM: 2 ~ 4μm , disc-like or irregular, anucleated. Two regions: ① Granulomere: centrally- located, purple-blue granules. ② Hyalomere: peripherally located, in light-blue.
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① cell coat: rich in GAG & glycoproteins associated to platelet adhesion; ② M.T. system: a. opening tubule system: to increase the surface area for platelet adhesion. b. dense tubule system: sER, support, collect Ca 2+ and synthesize prostaglandin E.M.:
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③ actin-like M.F: mobile. ④ granules: a. αgranules (special granules): containing blood clotting factors (12 types found so far), fibrinogen & acidic hydrolases. b. dense granules: serotonin (5-HT), ADP, ATP, Ca 2+ & adrenine
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Function 1. Hemostasia: collagenous fiber in injure area platelet release serotonin contraction of b.v. slow & stop bleeding. 2. Coagulation: thrombogen coagulation factor III thrombase Fibrinogen Fibrin hemocyte coagulation 3. Protect blood vessel endothelium, repairing endothelium, prevent atherosclerosis ( 动脉硬化 )
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二、 Hematopoiesis Hematopoietic organ yolk sac ( early embryo) →Liver / spleen (6w—5m) → bone marrow (4m and after) Structure of bone marrow red bone marrow: hematopoietic tissue + blood sinusoid yellow bone marrow: adipose tissue + immature hemocyte
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Red bone marrow hematopoietic tissue: reticular c.t. + hemocytes in various stage, macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells blood sinusoid: discontinuous endothelia, incomplete BM
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Hemopoietic stem cell (HSP) and Hemopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) Hemopoietic stem cell self-replication powerful proliferation potency multi-differentiation Potency Mark:CD34, CDw 90 Hemopoietic progenitor c. Unipotential or bipotential Produce mature blood c. Erythron granulocyte series monocyte series megakaryocyte series * Lymphocytes derived from lymphatic organs & tissues
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Pb: 原红 Be: 早幼红 Pe: 中幼红 晚幼红 Erythrocyte series
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Mb: 原粒 Pm: 早幼粒 Mb M,Ma,Mb: 中幼粒 M1 :晚幼粒 Neutrophilic series
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Morphologic criteria of haemopoiesis ① Stages: the original stage the infant stage the mature stage ② Cell volume:↓, megakaryocytes:↑ ③ cytoplasm: ↑ , ratio of Nu./ cytoplasm:↓ ① Stages: the original stage the infant stage the mature stage ② Cell volume:↓, megakaryocytes:↑ ③ cytoplasm: ↑ , ratio of Nu./ cytoplasm:↓
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④ Nucleus: size↓(RBC: abesent; megakaryocytes↑ ) nucleoli: number & size↓, until disappear chromatin: fine & scanty → coarse & dense; staining: pale → deep ⑤ S.G in granulocytes & Hb in erythrocytes:↑ other organelles in red cell↓until disappear ⑥ mitotic ability:↓, until disappear ( but lymphocyte)
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Question
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BYE BYE
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