1. The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy
Also known as the “New Democracy”
APUSH Period 4
Henretta Ch10 pages

2. What were the Democratic Trends in the Early 1800’s?

3. Voting Requirements in the Early 1800’s
The New Democracy was based on the shift to Universal White Manhood Suffrage

4. Voter Turnout
More people can vote AND more people are “inspired” by politics
FYI 2012 Voter Turnout was 57.5%

5. Why Increased Democratization?
White male suffrage increased
Voters chose their state’s Presidential electors
Spoils system
Rise of Third Parties
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, beer etc.)
The Missouri Compromise reawakened many Americans to politics and got rid of the apathy and unorganized parties of the Era of Good Feelings

6. What is Jacksonian Democracy?
It was not created by Jackson, he was a product of it
In Jeffersonian Democracy the people should be governed as little as possible
Jacksonian Democracy adds to this – the governing that is done should be done directly by the people

7. The man, the myth, the hair…
Andrew Jackson
The man, the myth, the hair…

8. Champion of the “Common Man” OR “King Andrew”?
Who is Andrew Jackson?
Champion of the “Common Man” OR “King Andrew”?
Born to a Scots Irish Family in North or South Carolina
Worked his way up in socio-economic standing (was a courier in the revolution at 13) and eventually bought The Hermitage, a large cotton plantation in Tennessee
Jackson owned slaves

9. Images of Jackson First Known Painting of Jackson - 1815
Jackson During the Seminole Wars

10. Jackson’s First Presidential Run
The Election of 1824 / The Corrupt Bargain

11. The “Common Man’s” Presidential Candidate
Jackson known as “Old Hickory”
During this time period, being “common” was cooler

12. Jackson’s Opponents in 1824
John Quincy Adams [MA]
Henry Clay [KY]
William H. Crawford [GA]

13. Results of the 1824 Election
A “Corrupt Bargain?”

14. Adams-Clay "Corrupt Bargain"
All four candidates were running on the generic “Republican” ticket
Calhoun was VP for Jackson AND JQA
Jackson won, but of the 4 – not a majority (when this happens, the decision goes to Congress)
Clay was 4th and Speaker of the House
Clay convinced the House of Reps to pick JQA (2nd place) as president
Clay became Secretary of State…

15. John Quincy Adams

16. John Quincy Adams
Short, bald, irritable, sarcastic, and tactless according to the American Pageant
Swam naked in the Potomac!
Supported Clay and his American System
Anti-Spoils
Supported fair treatment of Native American treaties
A great Secretary of State – not a great President

17. The Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)
Attempt by pro-Jacksonites to split New England and Adams
Increased protective rates from Tariff of 1816
45% duty on some manufactured items (hurt the South)
High tariff on raw materials like wool (would hurt New England factories)

18. Why Does the South Hate the Tariff So Much?
South suffered under tariff because they sold their cotton in an unprotected world but had to buy manufactured goods at protected tariff prices.
High tariff prices also cut consumption FROM the United States.
If America bought fewer English textiles, England would buy less cotton.
Hurt the South coming and going.

19. Clay’s American System
Throughout the early 1800’s Henry Clay and others supported what Clay would call The American System based on Hamiltonian views of the economy
A Protective Tariff
A National Bank
Federal Subsidies for Internal Improvements (roads, canals, etc.)
All of these faced challenges and #3 never happened

20. Election of 1828

21. Democratic Republicans
Return of the Two-Party System Democratic Republicans broke into Two Parts:
National Republicans
1828 (JQA)
Whigs
1836
Republicans
1856
Democratic Republicans
1828 (Jackson)
Democrats
1832 (Jackson)

22. Mud-Slinging Campaigns
Attacks against Jackson
Attacks against JQA
Unknowingly, Jackson’s wife Rachel was still married when she married Jackson. They fixed this as soon as they found out. She was still attacked and died in 1828 – Jackson blamed the stress
Called a gambler and a pimp

23. 1828 Election Results

24. Jacksonian Revolution of 1828
Jackson won with support from the West and South
Jackson was the product of the New Democracy, not the cause of it
A “Revolution” because it is a political shift to the people
Product of increased suffrage
“If Jefferson had been the hero of the gentleman farmer, Jackson was the hero of the dirt farmer”

25. The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

26. The New “Jackson Coalition”
The Planter Elite in the South
People on the Frontier
State Politicians – spoils system
Immigrants in the cities.
Based on faith in the Common Man

27. Andrew Jackson as President

28. The Reign of “King Mob”

29. Who was Old Hickory?
Anti-federalist and Anti-American System (but federal government was ultimately supreme over the states)
Pro-Common Man Democracy and states rights
Anti-secession / Pro-union
Used veto more than all previous presidents combined

30. The Peggy Eaton Affair
Regular cabinet had crisis in 1831 because of “Eaton malaria”
Calhoun quit as VP and returned to the Senate for SC abandoning nationalism and defending southern sectionalism.
He became known as “The Great Nullifier”
Peggy Eaton didn’t cause the Civil War…
Secretary of War John Eaton married Peggy (O’Neale) Eaton who had some scandal surrounding her. Jackson took pity because of what happened to Rachel, but lost the fight of trying to get Washington wives to accept her.
Martin van Buren won favor because he (as a widower) gave her attention. Jackson turned towards van Buren and away from Calhoun.

31. Jackson and the Spoils System
AKA:
Rotation in Office
Graft

32. Jackson Nationalizes the Spoils System
First real overhaul of federal offices
Really only approximately 1/5 of the old civil servants were dismissed
Still – merit and the ideal of public service were thrown out and replaced by party loyalty
Lots of corruption: one known crook was awarded the position of the collector of customs at the port of NYC, left for England after 9 years with $1 million.
Spoils system was here to stay for over 50 years.

33. Problems for Jackson The Tariff The Bank Native American Removal
The Formation of the Whig Party

34. The Tariff

35. Calhoun and Nullification
John C. Calhoun of South Carolina wrote The SC Exposition and Protest (1828) to promote nullification.
Based on the ideas in the Kentucky and VA Resolutions
“States Rights” interpretation of the Constitution
Calhoun believed that nullification would actually prevent problems like secession.
Beginning of the turning of the country FROM Nationalism TO States Rights

36. The Webster-Hayne Forensic Duel
Debate in the Senate
Long Term Outcome
A nine-day debate between the NE (Webster) and S+W (Hayne) took place in January of 1830.
Webster turned the debate against nullification saying that if each of the (then) 24 states were to go their own way in regard to every law, there wouldn’t be a union:
“Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable”
There were no official judges and each side was happy with its champion
Webster’s arguments for the Union were “seared in the mind” of countless Northerners as his speech was published in 40,000 pamphlets
Among the readers, a 21 year old Abraham Lincoln and other schoolboys since the speech was published in school readers as well
: New England was freaking out about Western expansion because it was draining the eastern population and moving politics westward
In 1829, a New England senator introduced a resolution to curb the sale of public lands
Sectionalism flared up as the South allied with the West (Supported by Hayne from SC who took Calhoun’s stance of nullification)
Webster supported the New England side

37. Interesting Story: Jackson and Calhoun
Jackson was mainly silent on this issue and other politicians meant to smoke him out at a Jefferson day dinner by making toasts to Jefferson and eventually nullification. Against their expectations, Jackson’s toast was: “Our Union: It must be preserved”
and Calhoun responded: “The union, next to our liberty, most dear”
Burn…

38. Progression of Tariffs
Tariff of Tariff of Abominations
Tariff of Lowered Tariff of 1828 by about 10%. “Did away with the worst part of abominations” but South still felt was too protective
South’s Reaction:
In 1832 SC voted on an Ordinance of Nullification declaring the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void and threatened to secede if the federal government tried to collect taxes

39. Jackson and South Carolina
Jackson was preparing to attack South Carolina as South Carolina was preparing to secede
Henry Clay was working on the Compromise Tariff of 1833
Reduced the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of 8 years. By 1842 the tariff would be back at the 1816 tariff level.
Congress also passed the Force Bill at this time
Which SC nullified!
But this all calmed things down for now

40. What Should Jackson have Done with South Carolina?
Jackson should have killed the baby snake of secession in the nest to have prevented the Civil War OR
Violence begets violence and compromise was a fine American tradition and the correct road to take in 1833
What do you think???

41. The Bank of the United States
This is the 2nd BUS

42. The Bank War 1832
Clay (Nationalist Republican) was going to run against Jackson in 1832.
He decided to use the BUS as a campaign issue and instead of waiting for it to be renewed in 1836, he forced its renewal in 1832.
Jackson vetoed it
Clay hoped that Jackson’s veto (which would support the West) would alienate New England (but they were already alienated from Jackson)
Jackson’s message included not only the unconstitutionality he perceived of the BUS but also his personal distaste for it - which many of the “Common Man” supported.
BUS and New Democracy did not get along because BUS was opposed to the questionable western banks and often foreclosed on farms.
Also run by an elite aristocracy led by Nicholas Biddle.
Charges of corruption stuck since Biddle leant money politically
At the same time, the bank was useful to curb “Fly by night” banks and worthless paper money in the expansionary US.
But its economic power made it politically vulnerable

43. The Slow Death of the BUS
Jackson worried Biddle would somehow recharter BUS before 1836 so he stopped depositing federal funds there
Instead, Jackson deposited all federal funds in a series of state banks that were called “pet banks”
Jackson did burst the speculative bubble by issuing the Specie Circular, which required that all federal lands be purchased with hard currency instead of the “wildcat” currency that was running rampant in the West.
This brought hard times for the West
Jackson was worried that Biddle might somehow maneuver for the BUS to be re-chartered before its charter ran out in 1836.
Therefore Jackson reduced the BUS’s power by not depositing any more federal funds and slowly withdrawing those that were there.
Biddle tried to hold on by severely calling in loans.
Seen as the death flailing of a dying monster.
Pet banks Justified by success in election of 1832

44. Results of the Specie Circular
Banknotes lose value
Land sales plummet
Credit not available
Businesses began to fail / Unemployment Rose
ONE CAUSE OF THE PANIC OF 1837

45. The End of the BUS Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd BUS
1832
Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd BUS
1836
the charter for the BUS expired
1841
The BUS went bankrupt

46. The Downfall of “Mother Bank”
From the LOC:
A pro-Jackson satire applauding the President's September 1833 order for the removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. The combined opposition to this move from Bank president Nicholas Biddle, Senate Whigs led by Daniel Webster and Henry Clay, and the pro-Bank press are ridiculed. On the right, Jackson, cheered on by Major Jack Downing, holds aloft an "Order for the Removal of Public Money." Jackson: "Major Jack Downing. I must act in this case with energy and decision, you see the downfall of the party engine and corrupt monopoly!!" Downing: "Hurrah! General! if this don't beat skunkin, I'm a nigger, only see that varmint Nick how spry he is, he runs along like a Weatherfield Hog with an onion in his mouth." From the document emanate lightning bolts which topple the columns and pediment of the Bank, which crash down amidst fleeing public figures and Whig editors. Around them are strewn various newspapers and sheets with "Salary $6,000" and "Printing expenses "$80,000" printed on them. Henry Clay (at left, fallen): "Help me up! Webster! or I shall lose my stakes." Daniel Webster (far left): "There is a tide in the affairs of men, as Shakespeare says, so my dear CLay, look out for yourself." Nicholas Biddle, with the head and hoofs of an ass or demon, runs to the left: "It is time for me to resign my presidency." Two men flee with sacks of "fees." These fugitives may be newspaper editors Mordecai Manuel Noah and James Watson Webb, advocates of the Bank accused of being in the employ of Biddle.

47. Not really a problem for Jackson, but it happened in the middle here…
Election of 1832
Not really a problem for Jackson, but it happened in the middle here…

48. Interesting Developments in the Election of 1832
3rd Party
Anti-Masonic Party: Thrived on America’s fear of secret societies.
Also Anti-Jackson because Jackson was a proud Mason.
Joined with evangelical Protestant groups trying to limit what could happen on Sundays.
National Nominating Conventions
Called by all 3 parties
Party Platforms
Created by Anti-Masonics and National Republicans
Publicized the party’s issues

49. Election of 1832

50. The Indian Removal Act

51. History of US Treatment of the Native Americans
America had populated all land East of the Mississippi yet 125,000 Native Americans still remained
Washington’s government treated them as separate nations and agreed to acquire land from them only in formal treaties, but this treatment did not hold.
Many whites tried to “civilize” and Christianize the Native Americans by sending missionaries, teaching English, etc.
The Southeastern tribes, especially the Cherokee, but also the Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Seminoles were called the 5 Civilized Tribes for their efforts at adaptation.

52. The Marshall Court and Native American Policy
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831): Native Americans were “domestic dependent nations”
Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Native American nations were “distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive [and is] guaranteed by the United States”
Jackson ignored this

53. Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americans
Jackson seemed to portray his removal of the Native Americans as helping them by taking them out of the white world.
Also emigration was supposed to be voluntary, but wasn’t.

54. Summary of Native American Relocation
Jackson supported the idea of clearing the last 125,000 Native Americans from East of the Mississippi and relocating them to Oklahoma: Indian Removal Act (1830)
In the process, known as the Trail of Tears, 20-25% of the Cherokees (one example) died along the way

55. Trail of Tears

56. Native Americans Fight Back
Some rebellions did occur:
The Sauk and the Fox (from Illinois and Wisconsin) fought under the leader Black Hawk but were crushed in 1832.
In Florida, the Seminoles and runaway slaves hid in the Everglades and fought against capture for 7 years until the commander, Osceola, was captured under treachery by the American army.

57. Formation of the Whig Party
Hating Andrew Jackson is required for membership…

58. Birth of the Whigs
Emerged in 1834 where Clay and Calhoun joined forces to pass a motion censuring Jackson for his removal of federal deposits from the BUS.
Mutual hatred of Jackson: "King Andrew I”
Evolved into a national political party of groups alienated by Jackson.
Won House of Representatives in 1834
Problems between North who supported tariffs and South who didn’t
Anti-Masonic party joined

59. King Andrew I?

60. Candidates in 1836 Whigs chose to operate on the “favorite sons” plan
Would run a number of popular candidates like William Henry Harrison
Believed this would force the vote to the HOR where the Whigs would win
Democrats ran Martin van Buren
Handpicked and forced through by Jackson

61. Whig Platform and Supporters
Supported by:
Northern industrialists and merchants (wealthiest Americans)
Southern states’ rights advocates angry at Jackson’s stand on nullification
Evangelicals from Anti-Masonic party
Supported Clay’s "American System"
Sought to reduce the spoils system
Later supported moral reforms
Prohibition of alcohol and abolition of slavery
Sought to use national government to solve society’s problems (over states’ rights issues)

62. Democrat Platform and Supporters
Supported by the common people and machine politicians in the East
States’ Rights – opposed to "American System"
Favored spoils system
Anti-monopoly—favored increased competition
Believed federal government should not be involved in people’s personal lives

63. 1836 Election
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook”
(O.K.)

64. Jackson’s Legacy - Positives
Demonstrated value of strong executive leadership in 1832 tariff controversy
Became the champion of the common people in politics
Established the Democratic Party (& sparked the 2-party system with the Whigs as opposition)

65. Jackson’s Legacy - Negatives
Spoils system
Killing the BUS resulted in thousands of bank failures until the 20th century
Specie circular hurt western farmers
Flouted authority of the Supreme Court with the Cherokee and BUS
Trail of Tears and Indian Removal
Cabinet crisis and break with Calhoun resulted in increased sectionalism.

66. He walked right into the Panic of 1837 – NOT his fault
Martin Van Buren
He walked right into the Panic of 1837 – NOT his fault

67. Causes of the Panic of 1837 Most important cause: overspeculation
Land speculators in the West borrowed heavily from "wildcat banks."
Speculation spread to canals, roads, and slaves.
Unable to pay back loans causing bank failures
Jacksonian finance, Bank War & Specie Circular, further hurt the economy
Flour Riot: crop failures forced grain prices so high that NY mobs stormed warehouses and broke open flour barrels. (During Jackson's last days)
Failure of 2 major British banks caused English investors to call in foreign loans – this was the trigger

68. Panic of 1837 Spreads from England

69. Results of the Panic of 1837
American banks collapsed by the hundreds including "pet banks" which lost several million dollars in government funds.
Commodity prices and sale of public land fell -> customs revenues dried up.
Factories closed -> unemployment soared.

70. The Treasury Bill of 1840 (The Divorce Bill)
Van Buren was convinced that part of the depression was due to federal funds being given to private banks.
Held the Jacksonian principle of "divorcing" government from banks altogether.
The Independent Treasury System was established where government could put its surplus in certain banks in several of the larger cities.
Funds were safe but denied to the banking system as reserves
This decreased available credit resources.
Policy condemned by the Whigs and repealed next year when they won the presidency.

71. Election of 1840
MVB (D) vs. Harrison (W)

72. Van Buren Taking the Blame for His Own and Jackson's Monetary Policies

73. Election of 1840 MVB (D) against war-hero General Harrison (W).
Became a battle between the people’s Harrison and aristocratic Van Buren (ironic – MVB is a Dem).
Harrison’s slogans included “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” and the ever popular, “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”.
Election was a new low in politics, focusing on slogans instead of issues (this helped the Whigs overcome the fact that they had no actual platform and were a fragmented party).

74. 1840 Election Results

75. Significance of the Election of 1840
First mass-turnout election in American history
Propaganda and silly slogans set unfortunate example for future campaigns.
Solidly principled party ousted for hoopla
Liberty Party: 1st anti-extension of slavery party, also in the race with James G. Birney as its candidate.

76. Too Long Inaugural Address…
Harrison died after 4 weeks in office in 1841
Pneumonia from talking too long at his inauguration!

77. The Accession of “Tyler Too”
Tyler takes over, but is more of a Democrat than a Whig – he just didn’t like Jackson and was an individual so he had left the Democrats for the Whigs earlier

78. Clay's 3 Whig Plans for Tyler’s Presidency
Clay still wanted to push through his Whig plans:
1. A law ending the independent treasury
Passed by Tyler

79. Clay's 3 Whig Plans
2. A law creating a Fiscal Bank, which would establish a new BUS
Vetoed by Tyler
Clay tried again with a “Fiscal Corporation”
Whigs were very angry
Dispelled Tyler from the party and thought about impeaching him
Entire cabinet, except SOS Webster, resigned

80. Clay's 3 Whig Plans
3. Rise in Tariffs including a “redistribution plan” that would take funds from the sale of public western lands and distribute those funds amongst the states
Vetoed by Tyler – rates too high and thought the feds should keep the money
So Clay pushed a new Tariff plan (about 32% and the 1832 levels) and no dollar redistribution
Approved by Tyler