1. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 C.K. Subramaniam PROFESSOR Developments in Solar Power Technology & Distributed Energy Systems

2. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Solar Energy Spectrum Power reaching earth 1.37 KW/m 2

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4. C K Subramaniam VITU 19/09/2014 AB Efficient versus CD Cheap

5. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 The main factors controlling the per watt price of PV solar power are cost of materials and device efficiency. The high cost that currently prevents widespread application of this technology invariably arises from a shortfall in one of above factors.

6. 46% efficient solar cells by Soitec & Fraunhofer Institute. Notably, these world-leading solar cells from Soitec and Fraunhofer Institute are in the concentrator triple-junction solar cell category. Such solar cells are complicated and are not used in residential or commercial applications… because they are bloody expensive. They are used in space applications by the likes of NASA, where a bit of extra space (or, as it may be, less space via extra efficiency) can make a huge difference.46% efficient solar cells by Soitec & Fraunhofer Institute 44.4% efficient solar cells by Sharp previously held the overall efficiency record. However, they still hold the record for triple-junction (concentrator) solar cells.44.4% efficient solar cells by Sharp 37.9% efficient solar cells by Sharp. A big step down, these are in the triple- junction, non-concentrator solar cell category. If this is all new to you, it might take you awhile to see the difference in the categories. The difference is that these solar cells don’t use anything to concentrate the light hitting the solar cells, while the 44.7% efficiency cells noted above do use something to concentrate the light (of course, adding to their costs).37.9% efficient solar cells by Sharp 32.6% solar cells by a Spanish solar research institute (IES) and university (UPM). These are another step down, as they are in the two- junction, concentrator solar cell category. (For an intro on “junctions,” by the way, check out this multi-junction photovoltaic cell article on Wikipedia.) Again, these are still far different solar cells from what are used in commercial or residential installations.32.6% solar cells by a Spanish solar research institute (IES) and university (UPM)this multi-junction photovoltaic cell article MOST EFFICIENT SOLAR CELL

7. C K Subramaniam VITU 19/09/2014 36.7% efficient Soitec and Fraunhofer solar modules hold the overall solar PV module efficiency record. However, these are made with concentrator solar cells and are not used in residential applications. This record was previously held by similar Amonix solar modules.36.7% efficient Soitec and Fraunhofer solar modulessimilar Amonix solar modules 22.1% Panasonic solar modules hold the commercial solar module efficiency record. However, SunPower’s SPR-327NE-WHT-D modules are the leading solar modules in solar module yield field tests, and other SunPower solar modules come in #2 and #3 in those tests.22.1% Panasonic solar modulesSunPower’s SPR-327NE-WHT-D modules 17.4% Q-Cells thin-film solar modules hold the record in this specific solar panel category. Thin-film solar panels are widely used, but not in residential applications. (Q-Cells was a German company, but it filed for insolvency in 2012 and was then acquired by the Korean company Hanwha.)17.4% Q-Cells thin-film solar modules MOST EFFICIENT SOLAR MODULE

8. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 MaterialLevel of efficiency in % Lab Level of efficiency in % Production Monocrystalline Silicon approx. 2414 to17 Polycrystalline Silicon approx. 1813 to15 Amorphous Silicon approx. 135 to7

9. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 A radar chart comparing attributes of different PV technologies. In order to draw the radar chart, module efficiency and lifetime are normalised with respect to 18% and 25 years. Source: IDTechEx report "Organic Photovoltaics: Technologies, Markets & Players 2012-2022"

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11. Tamil Nadu Renewable Energy Installations Achievements of TEDA as on 31.7.2014 Renewable Energy Programme/ Systems Cumulative achievement up to 31.7.2014 (MW) Wind Power7349.41 Bagasse Cogeneration659.40 Biomass Power226.00 Solar Power (SPV)109.26 Total8344.07

12. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 India (30.06.2014) Thermal1,72,286.09 MW Hydro40,730.09 MW Renewable (12%)31,692.14 MW Nuclear4,780.00 MW TOTAL2,49,488.31 MW Tamilnadu (30.06.2014) Thermal10411 MW Hydro2182 MW Renewable (12%)8075 MW Nuclear524 MW TOTAL21192 MW

13. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 On 20 October 2012, Tamil Nadu unveiled a solar policy to generate 3,000 MW of solar power in three years. At present, the state generates only 110 MW of solar power. The government plan was to set up at least 1,000 MW of solar power capacity a year.

14. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Theoretical maximum levels of efficiency of various solar cells at standard conditions

15. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Manufacturing of a Solar Cell HoW Green! The basic component of a solar cell is pure silicon, which is not pure in its natural state. Solar cells are made from silicon boules, polycrystalline structures that have atomic structure of a single crystal, and the commonly used process for creating the boule is called ‘Czochralski.’ In this process, a seed crystal of silicon is dipped into melted polycrystalline silicon, as the seed crystal is withdrawn and rotated, a cylindrical ingot or boule of silicon is formed. Sand Melted Silicon

16. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Manufacturing of a Solar Cell Mono crystalline silicon Ingot Ingot Slicing Mono crystalline silicon wafer

17. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Parts of PV module The parts of a PV module are:  Teflon film or Polytetrafluoroethylene film  Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) resin  Photovoltaic Cell  Tedlar film or Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) film  Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) thermoplastic junction Box  Aluminum Support Structure Solar PV Cell: Thin squares, discs or films of semi conductor material that generate voltage and current when exposed to sunlight. Solar Module: A configuration of PV cells laminated between a clear glazing. Solar Panel: One or more modules together. Solar Array: One or more panels wired together at a specific voltage.

18. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Solar Array

19. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Parameters of a Typical Manufactured Solar cell Solar cells are available in sizes of 100mmX100mm, 125mmX125mm, 156mmX156mm and 208mmX208mm. The power generated will vary according to the sizes as 1.5W, 2.25W, 3.5W, 6W. In a solar array, cells are generally includes 36, 48, 54, 72 cells. The dimensions of a solar cell ranges from 2mX0.7m to 1mX0.5m. Technical Specifications: To check the parameters of a solar module following parameters are to be considered. They are:  P max – Maximum Power  V mpp – Voltage at maximum power point  I mpp – Current at maximum power point  V oc – Open Circuit Voltage  I sc - Short Circuit Current  R s – Series Resistance  R sh – Shunt Resistance  Efficiency – Pmax/Area  Fill Factor – (VmppXI mpp)/(VocXIsc) The Sun Simulator is used to find the above parameter, it is also called as Module Tester.

20. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Electrical Characteristics of a PV module The current and power outputs of photovoltaic module are approximately proportional to sunlight intensity. At a given intensity, a module’s output current and operating voltage are determined by the load characteristics. Increase in cell temperature increases current slightly, but drastically decreases voltage. Maximum power is derived at the knee of the curve.

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22. The solar cell module 36 cells is a common number for silicon based modules (18 V) silicon module with round cells Thin film module with long cells

23. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 New Directions Surface structuring to reduce reflection loss: construction of the cell surface in a pyramid structure, so that incoming light hits the surface several times. New material: for example, gallium arsenide (GaAs), cadmium telluride (GdTe) or copper indium selenide (CuInSe²). Tandem or stacked cells: in order to be able to use a wide spectrum of radiation, different semiconductor materials, which are suited for different spectral ranges, will be arranged one on top of the other.

24. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Concentrator cells: A higher light intensity will be focussed on the solar cells by the use of mirror and lens systems. This system tracks the sun, always using direct radiation. MIS Inversion Layer cells: the inner electrical field are not produced by a p-n junction, but by the junction of a thin oxide layer to a semiconductor. Grätzel cells: Electrochemical liquid cells with titanium dioxide as electrolytes and dye to improve light absorption. Nano Wire PV: Perovskite PV:

25. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 The vast majority of solar panels today are made of silicon. I Generation: --highly stable and efficient solar cells. --material processing expensive II Generation: Manipulating large silicon wafers involves constructing solar cells using thin films, produce solar energy at a much-reduced cost. difficulty absorbing radiation, drawback of poor efficiency

26. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 3rd Generation of Solar Cells The Carnot limit on the conversion of sunlight to electricity is 95% as opposed to the theoretical upper limit of 33% for a standard solar cell. --performance of solar cells could be improved 2-3 times --best case would involve a low-cost semiconductor material that could have its bandgap tuned for optimal performance allowing the manufacturer to control the absorptive properties of the solar cell. Quantum Dots

27. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Holographic Solar A novel approach to concentrating sunlight could cut solar panel costs.

28. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 FLEXIBLE SOLAR

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30. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Distributed energy, or decentralized energy is generated or stored by a variety of small, grid-connected devices referred to as distributed energy resources (DER) or distributed energy resource systems. Distributed Energy Resource, DER, systems typically use renewable energy sources. By means of an interface, DER systems can be managed and coordinated within a smart grid. Distributed Energy Resources (DER) One of main features of Smart Grid is to bring consumers’ participations to energy delivery network. Local generation and network centred at the community level in both urban and rural areas will bring the collective consumer participations to smart power transmission and distribution, which, will play a important role in future energy network Develop and integrate the WTG-SPV system with Energy Storage (ES) technologies such as Battery and Fuel cell based ES.

31. C K Subramaniam VITU 16/02/2016 Typical Schematic for DER systems:

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