1. Lecture 1: Introduction
ECE 302, 2nd Semester 2015/2016 Communication Engineering ECE 324, 2nd Semester 2015/2016 Theory of Communication Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin
Lecture 1: Introduction
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

2. Instructor : Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin saleh@zu.edu.eg
Lectures : Tues :30 – 3:00 Room (27319)
Office: Room 27406
Office Hours : Sun.: 9:00 – 15:00
Tues..: 9:00 – 15:00
Teaching Assistants:
Eng.: Mohammed Ayesh,
Duration : 14 weeks
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

3. About the Course No Specific reference for the course
Just follow the course notes (
Other reference may be given
ECE 324, 3rd ECE Theory of Communication
ECE 302, 3rd CSE
Communication Engineering
Lecture
3 credit hours
4 credit hours
Exercise
2 credit hours
Exam
3 Hours
Grading
Midterm 45
Final Exam 80
105
Total
125
150
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

4. About the Class Classroom Protocols: You’r welcome to ask questions
Always be on time
No side conversation
No cellphones ringing
You’r welcome to ask questions
You can interrupt me at any time
Our responsibility is to facilitate your learning. You have to make the effort
If you have a question on the lecture material, then
Look up a book.
Ask me during my office hours, or me at anytime
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

5. Course content Fourier Series and Transformation
Amplitude Modulation Techniques
Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation Circuits
Angle Modulation Techniques
Detection of Frequency & Phase Modualation Signal
Pulse Modulation
The effect of Noise
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

6. Brief History of Communication Systems
1844: Telegraph
1876: Telephony
1904: Radio
: Television:
1936: FM radio
: World War II Radar and microwave systems
:Information Theory and coding. C. E. Shannon
1962: Satellite communications begins.
: High Speed digital communication
1972: Motorola develops cellular telephone.
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

7. Communication Systems
Transmitter: modifies the signal for efficient transmission.
Channel: medium in which the modified signal is sent.
Receiver: reprocesses the signal to get estimation of the transmitted signal.
Noise
Data
s(t)
Data
r(t)
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

8. To be transmitted, Information (Data) must be transformed to electromagnetic signals.
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

9. Electromagnetic Waves
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

10. Types of Signals Analog: Digital
Continuous-valued of amplitude
continuous-time signal
Digital
Fixed values of amplitude
Signals can be analog or digital. Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range; digital signals can have only a limited number of values.
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

11. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Modulation Types
Modulation Types
Digital Modulation
bit stream ( )
Analogue Modulation
Pulse Modulation
Analogue Modulation
Angle Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation FM
Phase Modulation PM
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

12. Modulation Types Modulation Types Digital Modulation
bit stream ( )
Analogue Modulation
Pulse Modulation
Pulse Modulation
Pulse Code Modulation
PCM
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse Duration Modulation
PWM/PDM
Pulse Position Modulation
PPM
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

13. Modulation Types Modulation Types Digital Modulation
bit stream ( )
Analogue Modulation
Pulse Modulation
Digital Modulation
Amplitude Shift Key (ASK)
Frequency Shift Key (FSK)
Phase Shift Key (FSK)
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

14. Frequencies for Communication
Universität Karlsruhe
Institut für Telematik
Mobilkommunikation
SS 1998
Frequencies for Communication
twisted pair
coax cable
optical transmission
1 Mm
300 Hz
10 km
30 kHz
100 m
3 MHz
1 m
300 MHz
10 mm
30 GHz
100 m
3 THz
1 m
300 THz
VLF LF MF HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
infrared
visible light UV
VLF = Very Low Frequency UHF = Ultra High Frequency
LF = Low Frequency SHF = Super High Frequency
MF = Medium Frequency EHF = Extra High Frequency
HF = High Frequency UV = Ultraviolet Light
VHF = Very High Frequency
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. G. Krüger
E. Dorner / Dr. J. Schiller

15. Frequencies for Communication
VHF-/UHF-ranges for mobile radio
simple, small antenna for cars
deterministic propagation characteristics, reliable connections
SHF and higher for directed radio links, satellite communication
small antenna, beam forming
large bandwidth available
Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF range
some systems planned up to EHF
limitations due to absorption by water and oxygen molecules (resonance frequencies)
weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy rainfall etc.
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

16. Radio Wave Propagation Modes
Ground Wave Propagation
Follows contour of the earth Can Propagate considerable distances
Frequencies up to 2 MHz Example : AM radio
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

17. Radio Wave Propagation Modes
Sky Wave Propagation
Signal reflected from ionized layer
of atmosphere. Signal can travel
a number of hops, back and forth
Examples: Radio
Line-of-Sight Propagation
Transmitting and receiving antennas
must be within line of sight
Example: Satellite communication
Ground communication
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

18. Periodic Signals
In communication systems, we commonly use periodic analog signals.
Periodic signals can be classified as simple or composite.
A simple periodic signal, a sine wave, cannot be decomposed into simpler signals.
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

19. Periodic Signals
A composite periodic signal is composed of multiple sine waves.
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

20. Periodic Signals
A single-frequency sine wave is not useful in data communications; we need to send a composite signal, a signal made of many simple sine waves.
According to Fourier analysis, any composite signal is a combination of simple sine waves with different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

21. Fourier Series
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

22. How we Deal with Signals ?!!!!
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency / Phase Modulation
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

23. Fourier Transform
The frequency domain is more compact and useful when we are dealing with more than one sine wave.
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

24. Revision
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

25. The Mathematic Formulation
Any function that satisfies
where T is a constant and is called the period of the function.
Example:
Find the period
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

26. Example 1: smallest T Fact: 2016-02-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

27. Example 2: must be a rational number 2016-02-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

28. Example 2: not a rational number Is this function a periodic one?
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

29. T is a period of all the above signals
Fourier Series
T is a period of all the above signals
Trigometric Form
Let 0=2/T.
Even Part
Odd Part
DC Part
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

30. Decomposition
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

31. Function Properties 2016-02-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

32. Function Properties 2016-02-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

33. Harmonics Define , called the fundamental angular frequency.
Define , called the n-th harmonic of the periodic function.
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

34. Orthogonal Functions
Call a set of functions {k} orthogonal on an interval a < t < b if it satisfies
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

35. Orthogonal set of Sinusoidal Functions
Define 0=2/T
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

36. Proof
If m  n
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

37. Proof
If m = n
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

38. Example (Square Wave) f(t)  2 3 4 5 - -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 1
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

39. T is a period of all the above signals
Trigometric Form
T is a period of all the above signals
Even Part
Odd Part
DC Part
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

40. Complex Exponentials 2016-02-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

41. Complex Form of the Fourier Series
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

42. Complex Form of the Fourier Series
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

43. Complex Form of the Fourier Series
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

44. Complex Form of the Fourier Series
If f(t) is real,
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin

45. Thanks for your attention
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department Dr.-Ing. Saleh Hussin