1. Introduction to MODFLOW

2. Versions of MODFLOW MODFLOW MODFLOW-88 MODFLOW-96 MODFLOW-2000 MODFLOW-2005 This class will use the documentation for MODFLOW-2005 as a primary reference. Class projects will be done with this version. The report and program can be downloaded to your computer from USGS web site http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/modflow2005/modflow2005.html

3. MODFLOW-2005 Documentation Techniques and Methods 6-A16: “MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model – the Ground-Water Flow Process” by Arlen Harbaugh –Concepts, –Input instructions, and –Programmer guide for the core packages –Replaces TWRI 6-A1, MODFLOW-96, and MODFLOW-2000 reports –There will continue to be separate reports for additional packages

4. MODFLOW-2005 is an updated version of MODFLOW-2000 Structural changes to support Local Grid Refinement (LGR) –LGR will be discussed later Structural Enhancements also facilitate interfacing with other models –E.g. GSFLOW (PRMS coupled to MODFLOW) being developed by Prudic, Niswonger, Leavesley, and Markstrom –E.g. GWM, GWT, and SEAWAT

5. MODFLOW-2005 is an updated version of MODFLOW-2000 Uses parameter structure to ease the modification of data input values. Provides expanded data input capabilities. Program is designed to minimize changes that would impact existing MODFLOW users.

6. Design objectives and how they were met Portable – run on “all” computers with minimal modification –Strict adherence to FORTRAN standards Easy to understand –Modular program structure –Modular data input –Modules transfer data via subroutine arguments rather than through COMMON –Documentation is modular –Concepts are separated from the programming, but linked

7. Design objectives and how they were met Easy to enhance –Either by modifying the model program Modular structure Method of equation formulation using conductance, RHS, and HCOF –Or by using with other programs (Pre and post processors) Flexible I/O Efficient –FORTRAN –Solvers use one-dimensional arrays

8. Parameter Estimation Parameter Estimation is removed from MODFLOW- 2005 –Separate programs will provide Parameter Estimation –A new version of UCODE is on the web Observations are included in MODFLOW-2005 Sensitivity is removed for now –UCODE provides the capability to compute sensitivities using perturbation –Sensitivity will be added again to MODFLOW-2005 in the future

9. Should MODFLOW-2000 Users Switch to MODFLOW-2005? No need to switch until you need some new functionality – for example: –LGR –New parameter estimation functionality –PRMS-MODFLOW Same input files will work –GLOBAL file is no longer allowed All output goes to LIST file Programs such as UCODE and GWM will include a file that serves the purpose of the former MODFLOW-2000 GLOBAL file –The “modflow.bf” batch file capability is no longer supported “.BAT” files can be used to obtain this functionality.

10. MODFLOW 2005 PROCESSES Previous MODFLOW tasks (prior to MF2K) are now defined as the: Global Process GLO – Controls Overall Program Operation Equation Solving Processes GWF – Ground-water Flow Process

11. MODFLOW 2005 PROCESSES As Initially released, MODFLOW also includes other processes: OBS - Observation Process SEN - Sensitivity Process PES - Parameter Estimation Process GWT - Ground-water Transport Process Other Processes being developed including: FMP – Farm Process We are going to concentrate on the GWF – Ground-water Flow Process and discuss the others later in the class

12. GLOBAL PROCESS Controls overall program flow Activates capabilities (Packages) Opens package data files (Input and Output) Reads data for space and time discretization (DIS file) Reads parameter files (Multplier and Zone) Has a global level listing file The Global Process does not solve an equation

13. GROUNDWATER FLOW PROCESS (abbreviated list) GWF Process Packages – User Prospective BAS6Basic Package Hydrologic Packages BCF6Block Centered Flow Package LPFLayer Property Flow Package RCHRecharge Package RIVRiver Package WELWell Package DRNDrain Package GHBGeneral Head Boundary Package EVTEvapotranspiration Package STRStream/Aquifer Package HFB6Horizontal Flow Barrier Package CHDConstant-Head Package Solution Packages SORSlice-Successive Over-relaxation SIPStrongly Implicit Procedure PCGPreconditioned Conjugate Gradient

14. MODFLOW-2005 will evolve Initial ground-water flow capabilities –BCF, LPF, HUF,HFB,CHD,RIV, WEL, DRN, GHB, RCH, EVT, STR, MNW, FHB, IBS,SIP, PCG, GMG, DE4 Recently added capabilities –ETS, DRT, RES, SUB, LAK, SFR, GAG, UZF New options in LPF –CONSTANTCV (keeps CV constant) –NOCVCORRECTION (does not apply vertical flow correction) –STORAGECOEFFFICIENT (does not multiply SS by thickness) –THICKSTART (computes thickness based on initial head)

15. GROUNDWATER FLOW PROCESS GWF Process Procedures – Programmer Prospective DFDefine AL Allocate RPRead and Prepare STStress ADAdvance FMFormulate APSolve Equations OC Output Control BDCalculate Water Budget OTOutput

16. GROUNDWATER FLOW PROCESS Primary Modules Example RIV6FM The first three characters designate the package (river) The fourth character is the version number (6) The last two characters represent the procedure (formulate)

17. Example Module Flowchart And Code

18. MODFLOW – user perspective Input Data ASCII text files Output Data ASCII text files Binary files Graphical user interface (GUI) Code Execution

19. BASIC INPUT ITEMS: Grid Time stepping Solution parameters Hydraulic parameters (includes material properties) Boundary Conditions Stresses (source-sinks) Output options BASIC OUTPUT ITEMS: Hydraulic Heads Drawdown Flow rates Mass Balance Optional info at specified times Iteration information Binary files containing heads, drawdowns and flow rates in compressed form MODFLOW – user perspective

20. GUI Allows you to develop a nice image of model features on the computer screen and manipulate the model inputs graphically Creates the text files and executes MODFLOW. You never need to see the text files or know the commands that are necessary to run MODFLOW... until something goes wrong!

21. GUI Pros and Cons Inevitably something does not work correctly Need to have the ability to look at and understand the content of the model files and control the commands. Likely to dislike the tedium associated with the portion of the course where we work with text files

22. File formats Original code MODFLOW88 expects to have FORMATTED DATA SETS exact about placement of data in columns of the file Occasionally see files in an old format (may have no spaces) MODFLOW96 provides the option of using either FREE or FORMATTED DATA SETS Translator was released with MODFLOW-2000 Takes MODFLOW88 or MODFLOW96 files and convert them to MODFLOW-2000/2005 HUF package – allows geometry of the geology defined separately from the layers and have code simplify it to individual values for each model cell

23. File formats Prior to MODFLOW-2000, MODFLOW required a different number in each model cell, now have flexibility in populating the cells with parameter values Parameters MODFLOW calculates value for each cell based on Parameter file (PVAL) – defines values used to replace parameters specified in the files where parameters are defined (can use SEN in 2000) Multiplier files (MULT) - specify multiplier arrays which can be used to calculate layer variables Zone files (ZONE) – specify the cells in a layer (arrays) that are associated with a parameter

24. Next: LEARNING MODFLOW Global Process Overview of Common Packages Basic Utility Module Output Control BCF WEL RIV RCH EVT STR DRN GHB LPF Once use to input for several packages, others are the same Best way to learn is to build a model In class, we will build a model for a simple problem Work on class project

25. GLOBAL PROCESS DATA Name File: Contains the names of most input and output files and controls the parts of the model program that are active. Discretization File: Contains data that defines the physical size of the finite difference grid and the fundamental components of time discretization. Multiplier File: Contains data to define multiplier arrays. Zone File: Contains data to define zone arrays.

26. NAME FILE Contains the names of most input and output files and controls the parts of the model program that are active. For each simulation, in free format Ftype Nunit Fname Ftype—is the file type with special character values. It is not case specific. Nunit—is the Fortran unit to be used when reading from or writing to a file. Fname—is the name of the file. Pathnames maybe specified. Example Name File twri.nam Name File is read on unit 99. Comments are indicated by the # character in column 1.

27. FTYPE Basically “key words” that are fixed: List for the forward run listing—if this file is not present, the Global file is used for the forward run listing as well as for the global listing The GLOBAL FILE was only supported in MODFLOW- 2000. In MODFLOW-2005, all of the listing is in the LIST file. It must be the first non-comment record.

28. FTYPE CONTINUED Global Process Files DISDiscretization MULTMultiplier Array ZONEZone Array GWF Process Packages BAS6Basic OCOutput Control BCF6Block-Centered Flow LPFLayer Property Flow HFB6Horizontal Flow Barrier RCHRecharge RIVRiver WELWell DRNDrain GHBGeneral-Head Boundary EVTEvapotranspiration STRStream-Aquifer CHDConstant-Head GWF Solvers Packages SIPStrongly Implicit Procedure SORSlice-Successive Over- Relaxation PCGPreconditioned Conjugate Gradient DE4Direct Solution

29. FTYPE CONTINUED Data Files DATA(BINARY) A binary (unformatted) file such as those used to save cell-by-cell budget data. Rewound for parameter estimation DATA A formatted (text) file such as those used to save heads and drawdown, and for input of data from files that are separate from primary package input files. Rewound for parameter estimation. Data Files For Parameter estimation (we probably won’t use these) DATAGLO(BINARY) A binary file (unformatted)—Not rewound DATAGLO A formatted (text) file—Not rewound

30. DISCRETIZATION FILE Contains data that defines the physical size of the finite difference grid and the fundamental components of time discretization. All discretization data in one place Elevations always included even if GWF does not need because there is a good chance other processes will need it –Not always included originally in order to save memory

31. DISCRETIZATION FILE Contains data that defines the physical size of the finite difference grid and the fundamental components of time discretization. Horizontal Discretization Columns are numbered starting from the left side of the grid Rows are numbered starting from upper edge of grid Horizontal grid dimensions are specified in variables DELR and DELC. All cells in a column have the same width so there is one value of DELR for each of the columns. There is one value of DELC for each of the rows

32. DISCRETIZATION FILE CONTINUED Vertical Discretization Layers are numbered from the top layer down. Elevation of the top of layer 1 is defined in addition to the bottom elevation of every layer. Cell thickness is calculated from the elevation information. Below each layer, except for the bottom layer, there may be a confining unit where only vertical flow is treated (Quazi 3d). For the confining units, the elevation of the bottom of bed is defined. For each layer, the present or absents of a quazi-3D confining bed must be indicated (LAYCBD).

33. DISCRETIZATION FILE CONTINUED Time Discretization The fundamental component of time is the time step. Time steps are grouped into stress periods. Time dependent input data can be changed every stress period. Specified by user each stress period: PERLENLength of stress period TSMULTTime step multiplier NSTPNumber of time steps in a stress period If TSMULT>1, the length of the first time step (Δt 1 ) is determined from the following equation for a geometric series: And for 2≤m≤NSTP,

34. DISCRETIZATION FILE CONTINUED MODFLOW can simulate steady state (SS) or transient conditions (TR). A single stress period length is specified for steady state and only a single time step is required. Individual stress periods in a single simulation maybe either steady state or transient. The steady state and transient stress periods can occur in any order.

35. DISCRETIZATION FILE CONTINUED Within the listing outputs, units of length and time may be labeled ITMUNI indicates the time label: 0 – undefined3 – hours 1 – seconds4 – days 2 - minutes5 – years LENUNI indicates the length label: 0 – undefined2 - meters 1 - feet3 – centimeters Note: Be sure to use consistent units for all input data!

36. DISCRETIZATION FILE CONTINUED Spatial NROW Number of rows NCOL Number of columns NPER Number of stress periods ITMUNI Time unit LENUNI Length unit LAYCBDQuazi 3D confining layer indicator. There is one value for each layer. LAYCON =1→Confining unit LAYCON=0→No confining unit DELRCell width along the row, there is one value for each NCOL columns. This data is read using a utility package (U1DREL) Discretion File Data Discretion File Data Example

37. DISCRETIZATION FILE CONTINUED DELCCell width along the columns, there is one value for each NROW rows. This data is read using a utility package (U1DREL) TopTop elevation for Layer 1. This data is read using a utility package (U2DREL) BOTMThe bottom elevation. There is one for each layer and quazi 3D confining layer. This data is read using a utility package (U2DREL) Discretion File Data Discretion File Data Example

38. DISCRETIZATION FILE CONTINUED Temporal PERLEN The length of a stress period NSTPNumber of time steps in a stress period TSMULTMultiplier for the length of successive time steps Ss/TrIs a character variable that indicates if a stress period is transient or steady state, TR Transient SS Steady State Note: The four temporal variables are read for each stress period. Discretion File Data Discretion File Data Example

39. Data to Define Terms for the Flow Equation Arrays – one value for every cell in one or more layers –Example: Hydraulic Conductivity, Initial Head Lists – one or more values at cells that are identifed by layer, row, and column –Example: Wells, Streams Methods of defining data –Values directly read from files –Values constructed from parameters

40. PARAMETERS Generic meaning of “PARAMETER” –Any input data for a model Meaning of “PARAMETER” IN MODFLOW-2005 –A specially designed value that can define input values for many cells –Changing the parameter value changes all of the associated input values Parameters are used in the Parameter- Estimation Process because there is not enough data to estimate all types of inputs for all cells. Parameters are a convenient way to specify input data even if not using the Parameter- Estimation process.

41. PARAMETER DEFINITION Parameters can only be specified for part of the input data: –LPF, CHD, GHB, RIV, DRN, WEL, RCH, EVT, HFB allow parameters Array parameters –For each layer, specify multiplier and zone arrays –NONE is a special multiplier array –ALL is a special zone array –If an array is defined using parameters, values for all cells in all layers must be defined by the parameters – i.e. cannot define values for some cells using parameters and some without using parameters –Additive parameters List parameters –Can mix parameters with non-parameter data –Additive parameters

42. PARAMETERS Layer or Array Data A value is required for every cell in one or more horizontal of the grid (e.g. hydraulic conductivity) Data can either be read using the utility modules or using parameters, but the same method must be used consistently for any data type (e.g. if parameters are used to define hydraulic conductivity in a layer, then parameters must be used to define hydraulic conductivity for all the layers).

43. PARAMETERS List Data One or more values at cells that are identified by layer, row, and column (examples – wells, stream cells) Data values are required for only some of the cells (e.g. cell that have river nodes). MODFLOW-2005 allows only some list data to be defined using parameters (e.g. streambed conductance, but not stage or river bottom elevation). Parameters can be used, or one line of data can be read for each cell for which the data is required. It is generally possible to define some values in the list by directly reading and other values in the same list through parameters.

44. PARAMETERS When parameters are used for list data, the data value for the cell is calculated as the product of the parameter value, which may apply to many cells, and a cell multiplier or factor, which applies only to the cell.

45. PARAMETERS When parameters are used for array data, multipliers are defined using multiplier arrays. There may be a different multiplier array for each layer and each parameter type. If a specific parameter type has more than one parameter values for a layer, a zone array is used to assign specific values to specific cells. There can be a different zone array for each layer and each parameter type.

46. PARAMETERS The data value in a cell can be determined by more than one parameter. If two or more parameters of the same type include the same cell, the final data value equals the sum of the contributions for all of the parameters. When two or more parameters are used to define the value for cells, the parameters are said to be additive.

47. PARAMETERS Example: Use of two parameters to determine layer data values for the same cells. It is desired to have a hydraulic conductivity distribution (layer data) vary linearly from 10 to 100 from the left side to the right side. Let P1 and P2 be the two parameters with multiplier arrays shown on the right. Multiplier Array for P1 Multiplier Array for P2

48. PARAMETERS The contributions from both parameters will be added as indicated in the upper right table. The final result is shown in the lower right table. Note: The same distribution could have been created other ways. Final Result P1=10 and P2=100

49. PARAMETERS Example: Use of two parameters to determine list data values for the same cells. Streambed conductance is assumed to be a mixture of two types of material: coarse grained (P1) and fine grained (P2) Parameters P1 and P2 both include the five cells where the two river bed materials are intermixed. Parameter P1 Data List Parameter P2 Data List

50. MULTIPLIER FILE TEXT The # character in column 1 and any type of characters there after up to 199 in number. Used for comments. NML The number of multiplier arrays to be defined. MLTNAM Name of multiplier array. May be up to 10 characters in length and is not case sensitive. FUNCTION Optional keyword indicating that a multiplier array will be constructed from other multiplier arrays.

51. MULTIPLIER FILE [RMLT(NCOL,NROW)] – U2DREL The multiplier array. MLTNAM1, MLTNAM2, MLTNAM3… Are names of the multiplier arrays that have already been defined. Op1, op2, op3… Are arithmetic operators used to define a multiplier array based other multiplier arrays. The operators +, -, * and / are allowed.

52. MULTIPLIER FILE Example Multiplier Array Input Using FUNCTION keyword

53. ZONE FILE NZN The number of zone arrays to be defined. ZONNAM The name of a zone array May be up to 10 characters in length and is not case sensitive. IZON(NCOL,NROW) – U2DINT A zone name.

54. ZONE FILE Zone File Example