1. Oligarchy in Sparta

2. The Spartan State Used iron rods as money Government in Sparta – Ruled by two kings – Kings headed Sparta’s council of elders 28 elected men over the age of 60 True governing body of Sparta – Spartan assembly Free adult males Could pass laws but council had to approve laws – Ephors Ensured he kings and council acted within the limits of Spartan law

3. The Spartan State Military conquests – Conquered neighboring Messenia – Conquered Messenians became helots – Helots produced enough food so Sparta did not need to farm The Helot Revolts – 400 B.C.E. helots launched a violent revolt – Spartans put down revolt but continued to worry about future revolts as the helots outnumbered the Spartans – Turned Sparta into a military state in response Organized for the purpose of war

4. A Disciplined Society Spartan= highly disciplined or lacking comfort Education – Age 7 males taken away from homes Schooled at expense of state Lived in barracks= military housing Spent time exercising, hunting, training Were taught to obey orders rather than think for themselves – Age 18 Began two year program to become a part of the phalanx Allowed to marry – Age 30 Left the military

6. A Disciplined Society Social classes – In order to become full citizens men had to gain entry into a men’s “club of soldiers” Included membership of the assembly Right to own land worked by helots Ability to join council – If they failed they became inferiors who would never gain citizenship

7. A Disciplined Society The role of women – Raised to be strong and vigorous focus on producing strong soldiers – Had a great deal of freedom and responsibility

8. A Disciplined Society Sparta – Sparta feared individual differences – Society changed very little – “a genius for keeping what you have got” Athens – Athens valued individual expression and ideas As a result Athenian democracy changed over time – “Addicted to innovation”