2. Describe the apple using only a few words

3. Properties Every substance has characteristic properties that distinguish it from other substances. There are two types of properties we use to describe chemical substances: – Physical Properties – Chemical Properties

4. Physical Properties Physical property – A property that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the sample of matter Examples – Color – Density – Odor

5. Chemical Properties Chemical Property – A property that can only be observed or measured by changing the chemical identity of the sample of matter Examples – Reactivity An elements ability to react with other substances

6. Physical vs. Chemical properties 1.Red color physical or chemical 2.Density physical or chemical 3.Flammability physical or chemical 4.Solubility physical or chemical 5.Reacts w/acid to form… physical or chemical 6.Supports combustion physical or chemical 7.Bitter Taste physical or chemical

7. Physical changes Physical change – Physical change in matter in which the identity of the material involved does not change Examples – Melting – Boiling – Bending

8. Chemical Changes Chemical Change – Change in matter resulting in formation of one or more new substances Example – Tendency to rust – React to form an oxide

9. Hints to help you determine if it is a chemical change Chemical Change – A color change – Formation of a gas or solid – Temperature change – Change on the surface of a solid

10. Physical or Chemical ?

16. Matter Matter is everything that has mass and occupies space. Matter can be classified as either pure substances or mixtures of substances. Matter is the material of the universe.

17. Matter Pure substances Mixtures

18. Pure Substances Pure substances are categorized as elements or compounds

19. Matter Pure substances Mixtures ElementsCompounds

20. What is an ELEMENT? oA substance composed of a single kind of atom. oCannot be broken down into another substance by chemical or physical means.

21. Elements An element is the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties. Example: Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) Sodium is a soft, silvery-white metal Chlorine is a toxic yellow-green gas

22. Matter Pure substances Mixtures ElementsCompounds

23. Text Twist Write down as many words as you can using the following letters. (words can be 3, 4, 5, or 6 letters long) L T N A T E Example: LATE

24. T A L E N T ATE LET NET TEN TAN TEA EAT LATE TALE TENT LENT LANE NEAT LEAN LATTE TALENT

25. What is a COMPOUND? oA substance in which two or more different elements are CHEMICALLY bonded together.

26. Compounds A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion. – Example: Salt, NaCl

27. What’s the difference between elements and compounds? Elements are pure substances that are made up of one kind of atom, compounds are pure substances that are made up of two or more elements. Compounds can be broken into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot.

28. If you break up all the matter in the world you will end up with large piles of the 100+ elements If you break up all the words in a book into their component letters you will end up with large piles of only 26 letters

29. Pure substance Any substance that contains only one kind of atom Cannot be broken down into simpler substances The simplest chemical substance Divided into three categorizes: metals, nonmetals, and semi- metals Pure substance Consists of two or more different chemical elements Can be separated into similar substances by chemical means Cannot be separated into similar substances by physical means Divided into two categories: Ionic or molecular

30. Matter Pure substances Mixtures Elements Compounds Metals Nonmetals Metalloids IonicMolecular

31. Mixtures

32. Element, Compound or Mixture?

38. 2 Types of Mixtures What does the prefix homo- mean? What does the prefix hetero- mean? What does the prefix homo- mean? What does the prefix hetero- mean?

39. Mixtures Mixtures are categorized as homogeneous mixtures or heterogeneous mixtures

40. Matter Pure substances Mixtures Elements Compounds Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Ionic Molecular Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture

41. Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture Ex: Salt waterEx: Salad

42. Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture

43. Matter Pure substancesMixtures ElementsCompounds Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture

44. Matter Pure substances Mixtures Elements Compounds Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Ionic Molecular Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture solutions colloids suspensions

45. 3 Types of Homogeneous Mixtures 1.Solutions 2. Suspensions 3. Colloids

46. Solutions Solutions - Mixtures with particle sizes at the molecule or ion level. – Solutions are transparent Examples: Salt water

47. Suspensions Suspensions are mixtures where the size of the particles are large enough so they are visible to the naked eye. – Suspensions are murky or opaque – Particles will separate if the mixture is let to sit Examples: Blood, aerosals

48. Colloids Colloids are mixtures with particle sizes that consist of clumps of molecules. – Colloids are also murky and opaque Examples: Milk, Fog

49. What is it? Trail Mix

50. Heterogeneous

51. What is it? Kool - Aid

52. Homogeneous Solution Homogeneous Solution

53. What is it? White Vinegar

54. Homogeneous Solution Homogeneous Solution

55. What is it? Italian Salad Dressing

56. Heterogeneous

57. What is it? Water

58. Homogeneous Solution Homogeneous Solution

59. Homogeneous mixture Uniform composition The same throughout and can be evenly mixed The components are usually not visible to the human eye. Ex: Apple Juice Heterogeneous mixture Non-uniform composition The various substances are visible to the human eye. Ex: Salad What sets homogeneous mixtures apart from heterogeneous mixtures is the particle size of the mixed substances.

60. Separating Mixtures Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixture. – Example: To separate olive oil and vinegar you could decant, or pour off, the oil layer. Or you might cool the mixture until the oil turned solid.

61. Ways of Separating Matter 1.Picking apart 2 forceps 2.Decanting off top layer 3.Filtering 4.Evaporation/crystallization 5.Separatory funnel 6.Magnets 7.Distillation 8.Chromatography 9.Electrolysis

62. 1. Picking apart 2 solid forceps Separates 2 solid forceps that are noticeably different size- wise

63. 2. Decanting off top layer Separates a solid from a liquid (penny from water) or 2 distinct liquid layers like oil an water

64. 3. Filtration Filtration: The process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture. – Example: A strainer is used to separate pasta from the water in which it was cooked. The physical property that allows for this separation is the difference in the size of the particles.

65. 4. Evaporation/crystallization Using an evaporating dish separates a homogeneous mixture of a solid and a liquid. Example Sugar and water

66. 5. Separatory Funnel Extracts 2 liquids in a heterogeneous mixture.

67. 6. Magnets Separates mixture of solids when 1 solids is magnetic

68. 7. Distillation Distillation: Separates homogeneous liquid solution based upon boiling points – Example: Separating water from the other components in tap water

70. 8. Chromatography Separates homogeneous liquid solutions- components are NOT recoverable!! Use only to identify components of a mixture.

71. 9. Electrolysis Chemically separates compound into its element.

72. Separation of mixtures mini-interactive lab http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/mixture/mixture.html

73. How can you identify if something is a mixture or a pure substance? Apply heat because mixtures and pure substances behave differently when heated.

74. Melting and boiling points are constant for pure substances and change over time for mixtures

75. States of Matter Atoms have different properties at different temperatures. All matter can exist in any of these four states depending on the temperature around it. This gives us the four states of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

76. Solids Solids have a definite volume and definite shape Atoms in solids are packed very close together. They can’t move that much. They can only vibrate in place Ex. Gold, paperclip, ice

77. Liquids Liquids have a definite volume, but NO shape. Atoms in a liquid can slide by each other, but they aren’t as free to move as in gases. This allows liquids to flow and slosh around. Ex. Oil, glue, water

78. Gases Gases have NO fixed volume or shape Gases have lots of energy: they zip around quickly and are spread out from each other. Gases fill any container they are put inside Ex. Air, helium, steam

79. Plasma Plasma can only occur at very high temperatures Plasma atoms act like gas atoms, but they have lost their electrons. They have high energy Plasma exists naturally in stars and in lightning Ex. Neon signs, reactors

80. Changing States By changing temperature, matter can change state. Take water, for example Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Heat it up Cool it down

81. Changes of States Know the changes of state

82. Still the Same! When a substance changes state, the type of atom doesn’t change Water is water, even in ice, water or steam Water Still Water! Solid Liquid Gas