1. Medical Terminology FOR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS Radiology and Nuclear Medicine 20

2. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Outcomes Define radiology. Explain the dangers and safety precautions associated with x-rays. Identify the positions used in radiography. Discuss diagnostic imaging as used by the radiologist and several computed- assisted x-ray machines that are described in this chapter.

3. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Outcomes Describe nuclear medicine and some of the general uses of this specialty. Define interventional radiology and state some interventional procedures described in this chapter.

4. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Types and Characteristics X-Rays CT Scan Sonogram- Ultra Sound MRI Nuclear Medicine –PET –Bone Interventional Radiology

5. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology The scientific discipline of medical imaging Career Pathways in Rad Tech http://www.asrt.org/home http://www.asrt.org/home http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Radiol ogic-technologists.htm http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Radiol ogic-technologists.htm This medical specialty was developed after the discovery of an unknown ray in 1895 by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, who called his discovery x-ray.

6. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

7. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology An invisible form of radiant energy with short wavelengths traveling at 186,000 miles per second. Able to penetrate different substances to varying degrees.

8. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Characteristics of X-Rays –Able to penetrate substances of different densities.  X-rays pass through air in the lungs, fluids such as blood and lymph, and fat around muscles. –Such substances are radiolucent.  X-rays are absorbed by substances such as calcium in bones, lead, or barium. –Such substances are radiopaque. –Can be used as a diagnostic tool by introducing a contrast medium into the body.

9. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Characteristics of X-Rays –Cause ionization, a process resulting in the gain or loss of one or more electrons in neutral atoms.  The gain of an electron creates a negative electrical charge; the loss of an electron results in a positively charged particle.  These charged particles are called ions.

10. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Characteristics of X-Rays –Allow the x-ray beam to be directed at a specific site during radiotherapy or to produce high-quality shadow images on film (radiographs).

11. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Characteristics of X-Rays –X-rays can destroy body cells. –Radiation can be used to destroy malignant tumors. –Care must be exercised because x-rays can destroy healthy as well as abnormal tissue.

12. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 20.1 The patient is positioned for a fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy is a study of moving body structures--similar to an X-ray "movie." A continuous X-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined. The beam is transmitted to a TV-like monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in detail.

13. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Characteristics of X- Rays Radiography Fluoroscope: a device that projects x-ray images in a movielike sequence onto a screen monitor.

14. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 20.6 X-ray technician in a lead apron positions a procedure. This apron is a protective shield of lead and rubber worn by a patient or those taking x-rays to protect the genitals and other vital organs from excessive exposure to x-rays.

15. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Dangers and Safety Precautions –Precautions need to be taken to avoid unnecessary exposure.  Prolonged exposure –Can cause damage to gonads (testes or ovaries) and/or depress the hematopoietic system –Personnel involved with radiation therapy should limit their exposure by staying farther away from the source of radiation. –Infographic on radiology levelsInfographic on radiology levels

16. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Dangers and Safety Precautions –Secondary radiation  X-rays can scatter or be diverted from their normal straight paths when they strike radiopaque objects, adding unwanted density to the image.  Grid: a device positioned between the x-ray machine and the patient to absorb scatter before it reaches the x-ray film

17. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Dangers and Safety Precautions –Safety precautions  Not all scatter or secondary radiation is absorbed by a grid.  Safety precautions for those working in areas adjacent to x-ray equipment include: –Film badge –Lead barrier –Lead-lined room –Protective clothing –Gonad shield

18. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Dangers and Safety Precautions –Safety precautions  Film badge –Device pinned to medical workers' clothing to monitor an individual's exposure to beta and gamma rays.

19. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 20.2 Types of radiation badges to be worn by all staff around x-ray equipment.

20. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Positions Used in Radiography –Anteroposterior (AP) position  Front part of body faces x-ray tube; back of body faces the film.  X-rays pass through the body from front to back to reach the film. –Posteroanterior (PA) position  Back of body faces x-ray tube; front of body faces the film.  X-rays pass through the body from back to front to reach the film.

21. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Positions Used in Radiography –Lateral position  X-ray beam passes from one side of the patient's body to the opposite side to reach the film.

22. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Positions Used in Radiography –Supine position  Patient rests on the back, face upward, allowing the x-rays to pass through the body from front to back. –Prone position  Patient lies face down with head turned to one side; x-rays pass from back to front side of body.

23. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Positions Used in Radiography –Oblique position  Patient's body or body part is at an angle to the x-ray beam.

24. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Diagnostic Imaging –Provides radiologist images of internal body organs and processes by using:  x-rays  ultrasound  radiopharmaceuticals radiopharmaceuticals  radiopaque media (contrast media) radiopaque media  computers

25. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Diagnostic Imaging –These images are used to identify and locate:  tumors  fractures  hematomas  disease processes  other abnormalities within the body

26. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Diagnostic Imaging –Computer-assisted x-ray machines enhance images obtained by the radiologist.  Noninvasive procedures are now possible in lieu of exploratory surgical procedures.

27. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Mammography is the study of the breast using x ray. Pictured Normal mammogram obtained through the process of mammography.

28. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FYI Breast cancer screening has reduced deaths from breast cancer in women 40–69 years of age. A mammogram can detect changes in the breast, often before a lump can be felt. –Can also show calcifications, or mineral deposits, cysts or fluid-filled masses, leaking breast implants, and noncancerous tumors or growths.

29. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 20.8 Mammogram showing cancer with microcalcifications.

30. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Computed Tomography (CT) Computed Tomography (CT) –Sometimes referred to as a CAT scan (computerized axial tomography). –Combines an advanced x- ray scanning system with a powerful minicomputer.

31. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Computed Tomography (CT) –CT scans reveal both bone and soft tissues, including organs, muscles, and tumors. –Aids diagnosis, surgery, and treatment, including radiation therapy, in which effective dosage depends highly on the precise density, size, and location of a tumor

32. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 20.3 Computed tomography system.

33. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 20.4 3D CT scan, multiple facial fractures.

34. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) –A noninvasive imaging technique to view:  organs  bone  other internal body structures –The imaged body part is exposed to radio waves while in a magnetic field. –-SOUND OF MRISOUND OF MRI

35. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

36. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) –The picture is produced by energy emitted from hydrogen atoms in the body. –Patient is not exposed to radiation during this test.

37. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) –Can be used for a variety of purposes:  Cranial MRI: evaluates a person's tumor, seizure disorder, or headache symptoms  MRI of the spine examines a disk problem.  Is frequently used to study large joints such as the shoulder or knee  Is commonly used to evaluate disease of the heart, chest, abdomen, and pelvis

38. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 20.5 MRI of head showing large hemorrhagic lesion.

39. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Differences between CT and MRI What are the differences between the two? http://blog.image32.com/mri-vs-cat- scan/ http://blog.image32.com/mri-vs-cat- scan/

40. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Ultrasound –Means beyond sound –Sound frequency beyond the range of human hearing –Widely used in diagnostic imaging to evaluate a patient's internal organs –Ultrasonography: process of using ultrasound to produce a record of ultrasonic echoes as they strike tissues of different densities  The record is called a sonogram or echogram.

41. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 20.13 Ultrasound, left kidney, and spleen.

42. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Radiology Ultrasound –Doppler echocardiography is a noninvasive technique for determining:  the blood flow velocity in different locations in the heart.  the uterine artery blood flow velocity during pregnancy, as well as the fetal heart rate.

43. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nuclear Medicine Subspecialty within the field of radiology that uses radioactive substances to produce images of body anatomy and function Patient is given radioactive substance, either intravenously or by mouth. –Images are developed based on detection of energy emitted from radioactive substance.

44. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nuclear Medicine Positron Emission Tomography –Most commonly used to detect:  Cancer  Heart problems  Brain disorders  Other central nervous system disorders

45. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nuclear Medicine Positron Emission Tomography –Commonly called a PET scan –Helps physicians see how the organs and tissues inside the body are functioning –Detects and records the energy given off by the tracer substance injected into patient's arm vein  This energy is converted by a computer into three-dimensional pictures.

46. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved PET Scans Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of PET scans. Back to Directory

47. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 20.10 PET scan comparing the metabolic activity levels of a normal brain and the brain of an Alzheimer's sufferer. Red and yellow colors indicate high activity levels; blue colors represent low activity levels.

48. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bone Scans Bone scans A bone scan is a nuclear imaging test that helps diagnose and track several types of bone disease. –Shows specific areas of irregular bone metabolism –Detects abnormal blood flow to a particular bony region

49. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 20.12 Nuclear medicine bone scan.

50. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Interventional Radiology Interventional Radiology is a medical sub-specialty of radiology utilizing minimally-invasive image- guided procedures to diagnose and treat diseases in nearly every organ system. Source: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/vascular/what_is_IR.html

51. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 20.1 Selected Interventional Procedures

52. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Abbreviations

53. Medical Terminology for Health Care Professionals, 8e Jane Rice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Types and Characteristics X-Rays CT Scan Sonogram- Ultra Sound MRI Nuclear Medicine –PET –Bone Interventional Radiology