1. CHAPTER 8 Job Design and Work Schedules Andrew J. DuBrin Essentials of Management, 6/e South-Western College Publishing Copyright © 2003 Screen graphics created by: Jana F. Kuzmicki, PhD, Christian Brothers University

2. PP T 8.1 After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Identify the major dimensions and different types of job design. 2 Describe job enrichment, including the job characteristics model. 3 Describe job involvement, enlargement, and rotation. 4 Explain how workers use job crafting to modify their jobs. 5 Illustrate how ergonomic factors can be part of job design. 6 Summarize the various modified work schedules.

3. PP T Approach 1. Motivational 2. Mechanistic 3. Biological 4. Perceptual/ Motor BenefitsCosts Increased - Satisfaction, motivation, involvement, performance Decreased - Absenteeism Increased - Training, staffing difficulty, errors, mental fatigue, stress, mental abilities, compensation Decreased - Training, staffing difficulty, errors, mental fatigue, mental abilities, compensation Increased - Absenteeism Decreased - Satisfaction, motivation Decreased - Physical abilities, physical fatigue, aches and pains, medical incidents Increased - Financial costs, inactivity Decreased - Errors, accidents, mental fatigue, stress, training, staffing difficulty, mental abilities, compensation Increased - Boredom Decreased - Satisfaction Four Types of Job Design Source: Adapted with permission from Michael A. Campion and Michael J. Stevens, “Neglected Aspects in Job Design: How People Design Jobs, Task Job Predictability, and Influence of Training,” Journal of Business and Psychology (Winter 1991): 175. Adapted from Exhibit 8.1 8.2

4. PP T Characteristics and Consequences of an Enriched Job Characteristics Direct feedback Client relationships New learning Control over scheduling Unique experience Control over resources Direct communication authority Personal accountability Increased job satisfaction Higher quality of work life Increased productivity Consequences Adapted from Exhibit 8.3 8.3

5. PP T Job Characteristics Model Strength of employee growth need Core Job Characteristics Critical Psychological States Outcomes l Experienced meaningfulness of work l Experienced responsibility for work outcomes l Knowledge of actual results of work activities l Skill variety l Task identity l Task significance Autonomy Feedback from job l High internal work motivation l High general job satisfaction l High “growth” satisfaction l Low turnover and absenteeism l High-quality work performance Adapted from Exhibit 8.4 8.4

6. PP T Three Approaches to Job Enrichment Job Rotation Temporary switching of job assignments Job 1Job 2Job 3Job 4 Job Enlargement Increasing the number and variety of tasks within a job 6 tasks 10 tasks Job Involvement Degree to which individuals identify psychologically with their work 8.5

7. PP T Work Teams and Job Design Managerial activities performed by team members are divided into 3 levels of responsibility: Level 1 - Quality responsibilities, continuous improvement in work methods, manage suppliers, external customer contact, and hire team members Level 2 - Form teams of people from different functions, vacation scheduling, choose team leaders, equipment purchase, and facility design Level 3 - Budgeting, product modification/development, team member performance appraisal, handle the disciplinary process, and make compensation decisions 8.6

8. PP T Six Types of Workers Risk Takers Which groups do you think are most/least likely to want and enjoy enriched jobs? Why? High Achievers Fulfillment Seekers Clock PunchersLadder Climbers Paycheck Cashers 8.7

9. PP T Steps Involved in the Ergonomic Design of Jobs Analyze each job with an eye toward possible hazards on the job. Install equipment that minimizes awkward hand and body movements. Encourage workers to take frequent breaks; rotate jobs so repetitive movements are reduced. Use voice recognition systems to substitute for keyboarding where feasible, especially for repetitive functions. Find ways to use both hands equally. Use the mouse less and key commands more. 8.8

10. PP T Types of Modified Work Schedules Flexible working hours Alternative workplace and telecommuting Compressed work week Sharing office space and hoteling Job sharing Part-time and temporary work 8.9