1. DaMon: a resonator to observe bunch charge/length and dark current. > Principle of detecting weakly charged bunches > Setup of resonator and electronics > Measurement of bunch charge at PITZ and REGAE > Principle of detecting dark current > Measurement of dark current at PITZ and FLASH > Principle of detecting bunch length > Measurement of bunch length at PITZ > Summary and Outlook Dirk Lipka, W. Kleen, J. Lund-Nielsen, D. Nölle, S. Vilcins, V. Vogel 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics Vienna, Austria, May 8 – 9, 2014 Ref: http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/DIPAC2011/papers/weoc03.pdf

2. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 2 Principle of detecting weakly charged bunches with a resonator > A passive resonator is used because the induced field strength due to electrons has the potential to detect very low beam charges Induced voltage in a resonator from a beam oscillates with resonance frequency f and decays with decay time . Q L : loaded quality factor. By measuring U 0 the charge of the beam q is determined. Field distribution of 1. monopole mode Simulation view Sensitivity S can be determined by resonance frequency f, line impedance Z=50Ω, external quality factor Q ext and normalized shunt impedance (R/Q). for monopole modes Single bunch detection possible with bunch distance >200 ns

3. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 3 Setup at the Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY Zeuthen (PITZ) Photo: J. Lund-Nielsen NWA measurement result in tunnel to detect resonator properties > PITZ: characterize, optimize and prepare electron source for FEL > Dark current Monitor (DaMon) situated 2.36 m behind cathode followed by booster 0.68 m > Measurement: f l =1299.3±0.1 MHz, Q L =193±5, Q ext =252±4 > Expectation agree with measurement (resonator without tuner) > Shunt impedance from simulation, results in sensitivity of 11.83 V/nC

4. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 4 Setup of the monitor in FLASH > Free-electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH) > A 34 mm type is installed at the first bunch compressor like in PITZ > Measurement: f l =1299.0±0.1 MHz, Q L =192±5, Q ext =248±4 > Shunt impedance from simulation, results in sensitivity of 11.88 V/nC

5. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 5 Electronics > Two inputs according of two outputs of DaMon:  Beam charge  Dark current > Includes circulator, band-pass filters, limiter, pre-amplifier, down conversion to IF, logarithmic detector, offset and gain control > Two outputs for ADC

6. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 6 Calibration > Calibration is done by adapting the laboratory calibration measurement of electronics input/output to a function provided by the control group for the available ADC > Therefore non-linearity values for low and high values are not successful adapted, e.g. if the charge below 3 pC the line shows still 3 pC but the data are below. > In addition the base line of 3 pC does not need to be corrected because for the given measurement range the calibration line is in agreement with the laboratory data

7. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 7 Measurement of bunch charge at PITZ > smaller fluctuation compared to Faraday Cup for low charges > Sub-Pico-Coulomb resolution with DaMon visible > Still 20 dB attenuation used > DaMon 2% higher charge compared to FC (loss of charge at FC) Voltages calibrated with electronics response function, attenuation of cables and attenuators. Good agreement between laboratory calibration measurement including simulated shunt impedance and measured charge with FC Base line Voltage amplitude Signal from electronics

8. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 8 Measurement of bunch charge at PITZ > The bunch spacing at PITZ is 1  s, decay time withouth and with electronics measurement sufficient > Bunch spacing for European XFEL is 222 ns, decay time is sufficient for single bunch measurements q ≈ 0.34 nC Signal without electronicsSignal with electronics Response function of electronics calibrated Due to logarithmic detection lower amplitudes amplified results in high dynamic range: 70 dB

9. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 9 Measurement of bunch charge at REGAE > Relativistic Electron Gun for Atomic Exploration (REGAE) produces bunches with few fC charges for femtosecond electron diffraction > Necessary to measure these charges in a non-destructive way > DaMon system is installed because it has to potential to resolve the requirement Resolution for each channel as a function of charge used at REGAE. The resolution is corrected by 10 dB difference between channel 1 and 2. Photo of the DaMon installed at REGAE. Both DaMon output difference for intrinsic resolution One input for higher charge with 10 dB attenuation, second for best resolution, results in 2.3 fC for 200 fC Ref.: http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/ibic2013/papers/wepf25.pdf

10. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 10 Principle of detecting dark current with resonator > Charge of one dark current bunch too weak to be detected: superimposing of induced fields from the dark current bunches when resonance frequency of resonator harmonic of accelerator, therefore the notation Dark current Monitor (DaMon) t I  t = 1/(1.3 GHz) = 1/f Expected/simulated voltage f=1.3 GHz, Q L =205 for I =1 mA and 1000 dark current bunches Dark current bunches within 2 RF oscillations Transient oscillation finished after 150 ns

11. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 11 Measurement of dark current at PITZ > Measured dark currrent with DaMon as a function of injector solenoid current > FC can not resolve these low values > Lowest observed dark current is 52 ± 13 nA > Observation limit of DaMon system about 40 nA > For very low beam charges the dark current electronics can be used to observe the charge like it is done at REGAE One beam: dark current electronics in saturation Log scale Linear scale

12. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 12 Measurement of dark current at PITZ > Strong dark current in backward direction from booster, on calibration limit > Gun dark current much lower, can be separated by different RF pulse duration > Observation limit at 40 nA > A vacuum event in the gun produced an additional charge spike in the dark current output > This can be seen in the time domain compared to the RF pulse

13. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 13 Measurement of dark current at FLASH > Measured behind second accelerator module > Gun and module are producing dark currents

14. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 14 Measurement of dark current at FLASH > At the history of the dark current measurement a gap was visible > This was verified by the beam loss system (with lower resolution) Beam loss output, z=177 m A RF event stops RF in the gun and restarted after several µs, therefore such gap can be produced z=32m

15. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 15 Principle of detecting bunch length > Amplitude from monopole mode is corrected by form factor > Ratio of amplitude for different monopole modes should dependent on bunch length First three monopole modes frequencies: 1.299; 3.236; 5.074 GHz Complete measured spectrum up to 6 GHz > Form factor as a function of expected bunch length after injector > After compressor bunch length < 1 ps: form factor tends to be unity; therefore this method applicable only for bunches longer than < 1 ps: after the photo injector at PITZ and FLASH > Best resolution by using largest frequency difference

16. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 16 Measurement of bunch length > Amplitude at different frequencies taken with spectrum analyzer > Measurement as a function of injector acceleration phase; highest energy gain at phase 0 > Compare DaMon results (combination TM01 and TM03, because best resolution) with aerogel radiator and streak camera method, detector positions differs by 4 m > Streak measurement differs from simulation for phases < 0, same as it is for DaMon > Both show same behavior (maybe simulation parameters not perfect) > Result: agreement of bunch length taken with DaMon to the streak camera results DaMon Streak Station 4 m Beam direction DaMon Streak camera

17. Dirk Lipka | 3 rd oPAC Topical Workshop on Beam Diagnostics | May 9, 2014 | Page 17 Summary and Outlook > A passive resonator used to detect bunch charge with fC resolution at PITZ, FLASH and REGAE > Same resonator used to measure dark current at PITZ and FLASH (not at REGAE because acceleration frequency is 3 GHz) > Single electron events cause signals at DaMon system to be able to detect those > Higher order modes can be used to detect bunch length longer than 1 ps Outlook: > electronics for the bunch length measurement is developed and will be tested next at PITZ > Several of this monitor system for bunch charge and dark current will be installed at the European XFEL