2. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter 6 Early India Chapter 6 Early India

3. Chapter Introduction Section 1 India’s First CivilizationsIndia’s FirstCivilizations Section 2 Hinduism and BuddhismHinduism andBuddhism Section 3 India’s First Empires Reading ReviewIndia’s First Empires Reading Review Chapter Assessment Early India Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

4. Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes how geography and climate affected the Harappans and the changes to India’s civilization following the arrival of the Aryans. India’s First Civilizations

5. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas India’s First Civilizations Climate and geography influenced the rise of India’s first civilization.  The Aryans created a caste system that separated Indians into groups. The Aryans conquered India and introduced new ideas and technology. 

6. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Locating Places Himalaya ( HIH ·muh·LAY·uh)  Ganges River (GAN· JEEZ )  Indus River (IHN·duhs)  India’s First Civilizations Harappa (huh·RA·puh)  Mohenjo-Daro (moh·HEHN·joh DAHR·oh)

7. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Meeting People Aryans (AR·ee·uhnz)  Brahmans (BRAH·muhns)  India’s First Civilizations Building Your Vocabulary subcontinent (SUHB·KAHN·tuhn·uhnt)  monsoon (mahn·SOON)  Sanskrit (SAN· SKRIHT )

8. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Get Ready to Read (cont.) India’s First Civilizations Building Your Vocabulary (cont.) raja (RAH·juh)  caste (KAST)  guru (GUR·oo)  Reading Strategy Organizing Information Complete a diagram like the one on page 194 of your textbook showing how the Aryans changed India.

9. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Land of India India is a subcontinent because it is separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas, the highest mountains in the world.  India has two fertile river valleys created by the Ganges River and the Indus River. (pages 195–197) The Indian subcontinent contains five nations: India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Nepal.  India’s First Civilizations

10. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Land of India (cont.) A monsoon is a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer.  The first civilization in India arose near the Indus River after the river flooded and left fertile soil behind.  Monsoons bring rain in summer.  India’s First Civilizations This civilization started about 3000 B.C. and lasted until about 1500 B.C. (pages 195–197)

11. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Land of India (cont.) Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were large, well-planned cities in ancient India.  The houses were made from baked mud bricks.  The cities had wells, drains for wastewater, garbage chutes, and organized governments.  India’s First Civilizations Most people were farmers.  They grew wheat, barley, peas, and cotton. (pages 195–197)

12. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Land of India (cont.) The Harappans traded their goods with people from other lands. City dwellers were artisans, who made jewelry, pottery, tools, and cloth.  India’s First Civilizations (pages 195–197)

13. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Aryans Invade The Aryans were hunters who also raised and herded cattle.  (pages 198–199) Because they herded animals, Aryans were also nomads and expert warriors.  They had metal-tipped spears and wooden chariots.  The Aryans invaded Harappan civilization and destroyed it. India’s First Civilizations

14. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Aryans Invade (cont.) They later conquered all of the Indian subcontinent except the southern tip of India.  After conquering India, the Aryans became farmers but continued to raise cattle.  The cattle were so important, the Aryans eventually declared them sacred. India’s First Civilizations (pages 198–199)

15. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Aryans Invade (cont.) The Aryans invented an iron plow and built canals to improve farming.  The Aryans’ written language is called Sanskrit.  Aryan tribes were led by a raja, or prince. India’s First Civilizations (pages 198–199)

16. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Society in Ancient India A caste is a social group that someone is born into and cannot change.  (pages 199–201) The Aryans believed in four levels of society.  The top level included priests and warriors.  India’s First Civilizations The next level was common people, such as merchants and farmers.

17. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Society in Ancient India (cont.) The third level included laborers and servants.  The lowest level was made up of the Untouchables.  These people did work others did not want to do. India’s First Civilizations (pages 199–201)

18. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Society in Ancient India (cont.) In most cases, only men could inherit property.  Only men were allowed to go to school or become priests.  Parents arranged marriages, and divorce was not allowed. India’s First Civilizations Men’s lives were considered more important than women’s lives.  (pages 199–201)

19. Hinduism and Buddhism Get Ready to Read Section Overview The religion of Hinduism is based on the beliefs of the Aryans. Buddhism, a new religion, was popular with many people in India and other areas of Asia.

20. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas Hinduism and Buddhism A new religion, Buddhism, appealed to many people in India and other parts of Asia. Hinduism grew out of the ancient beliefs of the Aryans. 

21. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Locating Places Nepal (nuh·PAWL)  Siddhartha Gautama (sih·DAHR·tuh GOW·tuh·muh)  Meeting People Tibet (tuh·BEHT)  Dalai Lama (DAH· LY LAH·muh) Hinduism and Buddhism

22. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Building Your Vocabulary Hinduism (HIHN·doo· IH ·zuhm)  Brahman (BRAH·muhn)  reincarnation ( REE ·ihn·kahr·NAY·shuhn)  karma (KAHR·muh)  Buddhism (BOO· DIH ·zuhm)  nirvana (nihr·VAH·nuh)  theocracy (thee·AH·kruh·see) dharma (DAHR·muh)  Hinduism and Buddhism

23. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Summarizing Information Create a web diagram like the one on page 202 of your textbook. In the ovals, identify major beliefs of Hinduism. Hinduism and Buddhism

24. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Hinduism Hinduism’s roots are in the Aryan religion, which changed after borrowing ideas from conquered people of India.  The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddesses. Hinduism, the world’s third largest religion, is one of the oldest religions.  (pages 203–204) Hinduism and Buddhism

25. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Hinduism (cont.) Reincarnation is the idea of passing through many lives to reach the Brahman.  Dharma is the divine law of Hindus. The Upanishads are ancient religious writings that describe the search for Brahman.  Hinduism and Buddhism (pages 203–204)

26. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Hinduism (cont.) The consequences of how a person lives is called karma. This law states that Hindus must perform the duties of their caste.  Hinduism and Buddhism (pages 203–204)

27. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Buddhism Buddhism is a religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the man who became known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One.”  (pages 205–208) Siddhartha Gautama was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel.  In his travels, he saw much suffering and questioned the need for suffering. Hinduism and Buddhism

28. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Buddhism (cont.) Legend tells he meditated under a tree for 49 days, and then he understood.  For the rest of his life, Siddhartha traveled to tell people about his discovery.  Nirvana, a state of wisdom, occurs when a person gives up all desires. Hinduism and Buddhism (pages 205–208)

29. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Buddhism (cont.) The core of Buddha’s teaching is called the Four Noble Truths.  The Eightfold Path describes the steps to eliminate suffering.  Buddhism divided into Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism.  Theravada Buddhists believe the Buddha was a great teacher, not a god. Hinduism and Buddhism (pages 205–208)

30. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Buddhism (cont.) Mahayana Buddhists believe the Buddha was a god who came to save people.  Tibet is a country in central Asia where Mahayana Buddhism mixed with traditional Tibetan religion and Hinduism to create a special kind of Mahayana Buddhism.  In Tibet, religious leaders, called lamas, headed the government. Hinduism and Buddhism (pages 205–208)

31. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Buddhism (cont.) The Dalai Lama was the government leader, and the Panchen Lama was the religious leader.  A theocracy is a form of government in which religious leaders head the government. Hinduism and Buddhism (pages 205–208)

32. India’s First Empires Get Ready to Read Section Overview The Mauryan and Gupta dynasties built empires in India, and they contributed greatly to literature, mathematics, and science.

33. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas India’s First Empires The Mauryan dynasty built India’s first great empire.  The Gupta empire reunited much of northern India and became wealthy through trade.  The Mauryan and Gupta empires made important contributions in literature, mathematics, and science.

34. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Locating Places Pataliputra ( PAH ·tuh·lih·POO·truh)  Meeting People Chandragupta Maurya ( CHUHN ·druh·GUP·tuh MAH·oor·yuh)  Asoka (uh·SOH·kuh)  Kalidasa ( KAH ·lih·DAH·suh) India’s First Empires

35. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Building Your Vocabulary dynasty (DY·nuh·stee)  stupa (STOO·puh)  pilgrim (PIHL·gruhm)  Reading Strategy Categorizing Information Complete a chart like the one on page 209 of your textbook identifying the important dates, capital city, and government of the Mauryan empire. India’s First Empires

36. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Mauryan Dynasty Chandragupta Maurya, an Indian prince, founded India’s first empire after Alexander the Great left India.  This empire was called the Mauryan dynasty.  A dynasty is a series of rulers from the same family.  (pages 210–211) Chandragupta controlled his dynasty by retaining a strong army and using spies. India’s First Empires

37. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Mauryan Dynasty (cont.) Many historians consider Asoka the Mauryan dynasty’s greatest king.  After he was a strong military leader, Asoka turned away from violence.  He made a vow to live a peaceful life and follow Buddhism.  Asoka did many great things for his people. India’s First Empires (pages 210–211)

38. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Mauryan Dynasty (cont.) For example, he built hospitals and new roads and sent teachers throughout India to teach Buddhism.  The empire grew weak after Asoka’s death.  The kings made poor decisions, and the Mauryan Empire fell. India’s First Empires (pages 210–211)

39. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Gupta Empire After Chandragupta died, his son, Samudragupta, took over and expanded the empire.  After 500 years of fighting, another Chandragupta took power and founded the Gupta dynasty.  (page 213) The Guptas ruled for about 200 years.  They grew wealthy from trade with China and kingdoms in southeast Asia and the Mediterranean. India’s First Empires

40. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Gupta Empire (cont.) Visiting pilgrims helped make cities wealthy just as tourists make cities wealthy today.  Pilgrims were people who often used the trade routes to travel to a religious shrine or site.  (page 213) The Guptas were Hindus, and they made Hinduism the official religion.  The golden age of art and learning in India was during the Gupta empire. India’s First Empires

41. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Indian Literature and Science The Vedas were recorded in Sanskrit after the Aryan people came to India.  The Vedas of India are hymns and prayers used in religious ceremonies.  (pages 214–216) The epics Mahabharata and Ramayana are two poems that are still famous in India today.  Both epics tell about warriors and their brave deeds. India’s First Empires

42. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Indian Literature and Science (cont.) His poem The Cloud Messenger is one of the most popular Sanskrit poems.  Kalidasa was a writer who lived during the Gupta dynasty.  Aryabhata was a mathematician who lived during the Gupta dynasty.  He was one of the first scientists to use algebra. India’s First Empires (pages 214–216)

43. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Indian Literature and Science (cont.) They also invented algorithms and the idea of zero.  Mathematicians in the Gupta empire developed the symbols for the numbers 1 to 9 that we use today.  Indians also developed ideas in astronomy and medicine. India’s First Empires (pages 214–216)

44. Summarize how religion affected the Gupta empire. India’s First Empires

45. Geography of India

46. Aryan Migration 2000-500 B.C.

47. Mauryan Empire c. 250 B.C.

48. Gupta Empire c. A.D. 600

51. Click the speaker button to play the audio. Morality in the Eightfold Path

52. Click the speaker button to play the audio. The Bhagavad Gita

53. Click the speaker button to play the audio. 563–483 B.C. The Buddha Sculpture of the Buddha sitting on a cobra. The Buddha

54. Click the speaker button to play the audio. Emperor Asoka Carving from top of pillar created under Asoka. Asoka