2. Protons for Breakfast Electricity Week 1 February 2014

3. In the event of an alarm sounding…

4. Toilets…

5. Parents and children…

6. The plan for the evening… 7:00 p.m. to 7:59 p.m. 8:00 p.m. to 8:29 p.m. Walkabout 8:59 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. Feedback Talk 8:30 p.m. to 8:59 p.m. More talk

7. Who is helping? Amir Kayani Andrew Hanson Andy Knott Averil Horton Bo Li Claire Greenwell Dale Partridge David Clay Deborah Lea Edward Brightman Gianluca Memoli James Claverley James Miall Jane Burston Jeff Flowers Jenny Hully Jenny Wilkinson Nadia Smith Paul Carroll Paul Green Peter Nisbet-Jones Peter Quested Peter Woolliams Rainer Winkler Ralf Mouthaan Robert Goddard Ruth Pearce Sharmila Hanson Sam Alvey-Taylor Stephanie Bell Subrena Harris Sue Gibbons Sue Oakley Tracey Skinner Vicky Hall Jessica Cross Brown John Gallop John Makepeace John Mountford Jonathan Pearce Jordan Tompkins Joseph Thom Kate Wilkinson Kieran Edmonds Lauren Petrie Laurie Winkless Leigh Stanger Lindsay Chapman Lloyd England Louise Brown Maria Lodeiro Marieke Beckmann Marta Doval Minarro

8. Michael de Podesta Age 54: Weight 84 kg Lecturer in Physics at University of London for 13 years Understanding the Properties of MatterUnderstanding the Properties of Matter At NPL for 14 years. Most accurate thermometer ever made! International Surface Temperature InitiativeInternational Surface Temperature Initiative Married with two sons (aged 15 & 17) Keen on Water Rockets

9. Why am I here? I am here because I believe … Science is humanity’s greatest achievement

10. Why are you here? Accompanying Grandmother To support my daughter who is also attending Always had an interest in science My son loves science I enjoy science and like learning about how the world works. Made to come by parent. Because I'm very interested and it will help me with my science, because I'm not that good So I can teach it to secondary school-aged kids To improve my knowledge in physics and to make it accessible to students. I appreciate the significance of science in our world, but am profoundly ignorant of how stuff - like electricity - actually works

11. …there is a problem about how we, as citizens, relate to science…

12. The image of science:1 Mad Muppets top cult science poll Dr Honeydew is known the world over for his disastrous research at Muppet Labs, "where the future is being made today". His experiments invariably go awry, with poor old Beaker usually being blown to bits or electrocuted. BBC 6/9/2004

13. The image of science:2 Science Gone Wrong The final touch… What!BANG! Alex Noble (Age 9)

14. The image of science:3 An un-scientific experiment Scientist ……… Scientist

15. In contrast… A room full of people who want to learn about science Helped by volunteers In a world where ignorance makes us powerless

16. Tonight’s talk The scale and size of the Universe Electricity How Electricity works Atoms Light

17. Tonight’s talk The scale and size of the Universe or ‘How not to be boggled!’

18. You are amazing !

19. Time 0.1 s to 300 million s  Less than 0.1 s  More than 300 million s Temperature From 10 ºC to 45 ºC  Less than 10 ºC  More than 45 ºC Distances From 0.1 mm to 1000 m  Less than 0.1 mm  More than 1000 m Weights From 1 g to 100 kg  Less than 1 g  More than 100 kg

20. vast ? ? Science helps us extend our senses But we can still feel boggled! Measuring instruments extend our senses imperceptible

21. Diameter: 12,800 km Deepest hole: 10 km Atmosphere: 10 km The Planet Earth Photo Credit: NASA

22. The Moon Diameter Earth: 12,800 km Moon: 3476 km Photo Credit: NASA

23. The Sun Diameter: 1,390,800 km Earth Photo Credit: NASA

24. Powers of Ten I hope that you are now a little unsettled and ready to go on a 9 minute journey to see how the world looks at different levels of ‘fantasy magnification’ Photo Credit: Powers of 10

25. Very Very Small Very Very Large Powers of Ten (1) 1 metre 1000 m 1000000 m 1000000000 m 1000000000000 m 0.001 m 0.000001 m 0.000000001 m Can you see the problem with very small and very large numbers?

26. Powers of Ten (2) Very Very Small Very Very Large 1 100010 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 1000000 0.00110 -3 10 -6 0.000001 10 18 10 24 10 30 10 36 10 21 10 27 10 33 10 -15 10 -9 10 -18 10 -12 10 0

27. Powers of Ten (3) Very Very Small Very Very Large 1 metre 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 10 -3 10 -6 10 18 10 24 10 30 10 36 10 21 10 27 10 33 10 -15 10 -9 10 -18 10 -12 10 12 1000000000000 m 0.000000000001 m

28. Powers of Ten Length Scale in metres Very Very Large 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 10 -3 10 -6 10 18 10 24 10 30 10 36 10 21 10 27 10 33 10 -15 10 -9 10 -18 10 -12 ? Very Very Small 10 0 Human Relationships Atoms & molecules Nuclei of atoms Current estimate of the size of the universe Nearest Star Light Year Tallest Mountain Nanotechnology Distance to the Sun Diameter of the Earth Diameter of a hair Microbes Viruses Quarks

29. Powers of Ten Length Scale in metres 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 10 -3 10 -6 10 18 10 24 10 30 10 36 10 21 10 27 10 33 10 -15 10 -9 10 -18 10 -12 10 0 Human Relationships Distance to the Sun Atoms & molecules Nuclei of atoms Current estimate of the size of the universe Nearest Star Light Year Tallest MountainNanotechnology Diameter of the Earth Diameter of a hair Microbes Viruses Quarks 10 -21 10 -24 10 -33 10 -27 10 -36 10 -30 Large Hadron Collider Large Hadron ColliderLarge Hadron Collider ? What goes on here? String Theory M-Branes ???????? ?

30. Powers of Ten Global Warming Very Very Large 10 0 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 10 -3 10 -6 10 18 10 24 10 30 10 36 10 21 10 27 10 33 10 -15 10 -9 10 -18 10 -12 Very Very Small Human Relationships The phenomenon of global warming involves physical processes with length scales spanning 20 powers of 10! Distance to the Sun Tallest Mountain Diameter of the Earth Atoms & molecules Microbes

31. Powers of Ten Nuclear Power Very Very Large 10 0 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 10 -3 10 -6 10 18 10 24 10 30 10 36 10 21 10 27 10 33 10 -15 10 -9 10 -18 10 -12 Very Very Small Human Relationships Tallest Mountain The issues surrounding nuclear power involve physical processes with length scales spanning 25 powers of 10! Nuclei of atoms Distance to the Sun Diameter of the Earth Atoms & molecules Microbes

32. Powers of Ten (time) Time scale in seconds Very Very short Very Very Long 10 0 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 10 -3 10 -6 10 18 10 24 10 21 10 -15 10 -9 10 -18 10 -12 Time for a molecule to jiggle once Light wave wiggles once Earth moves once around the Sun Estimated time since the big bang Age of the Earth End of last ice age Lifetime of a Civilisation A human lifetime Fastest response of human eye Sound travels 1 metre 1 second

33. vast ? ? The Universe: It is very big, but full of very small things. imperceptible

34. Tonight’s talk The scale and size of the Universe It’s very big, but full of very small things Electricity How it works Atoms Light

35. Electromagnetic waves Electricity Heat How it all fits together… Atoms

36. Eeeee - lec- tric-ityElectricity

37. Some experiments…

38. Lets take a look at some odd phenomena… A balloon and a piece of paper

39. Lets take a look at some odd phenomena… If I balance my glasses carefully…

40. Even a sausage… Sausages…

41. …its everything… The balloon affects anything and everything nearby To understand this, we need to understand what matter is made of, and how this ‘influence’ is communicated across ‘space’

42. Scientists can develop instruments to measure the relative strengths of the ‘electric influence’ Based on the same effect we saw with bits of paper A simple scientific instrument: The gold leaf electroscope

43. The Van de Graaff Generator Photo Credits: Katherine Robinson and MIT Scientists can develop machines to automate and amplify the ‘rubbing’ process with the balloon

44. The Van de Graaff Generator It is not important to understand how a Van de Graaff generator works PictureCredits: http://www.ikp.uni-koeln.de/~3T/tandem-prinzip1.htmlhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/vdg1.htm

45. The Van de Graaff Generator It is not important to understand how a Van de Graaff generator works

46. The Wimshurst Machine Sorry: I cannot explain how a Wimshurst Machine works! Photo Credits: Wikipedia and http://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/electrostatic.html

47. Electrostatic Generators People have been doing this for a long time… Photo Credits: http://www.ikp.uni-koeln.de/~3T/tandem-prinzip1.html

48. Conclusion… Electricity is present inside ALL matter Its ‘influence’ can be communicated across ‘empty’ space

49. Tonight’s talk The scale and size of the Universe Its very big, but full of very small things Electricity It’s everywhere! How it works Atoms Light

50. Not Stuff the gaps in between matter fields Stuff matter How do we describe the world?

52. Not Stuff (Fields) Fields Gravitational Electroweak Strong Extend throughout space Stuff (Particles) Atoms Electrons Neutrons Protons Very small We need to know about both particles and fields Two different kinds of physical entity

53. How do charged particles interact? It’s a three-step process… Particle with electric charge Particle with electric charge Interact by means of an electric field …but the steps happen very quickly

54. How do we describe the world?

55. The electrical nature of matter Electric charge is a fundamental property of electrons and protons. Two types of charge (+ and -) If particles have the same sign of electric charge they repel If particles have different signs of electric charge they attract The forces (attractive or repulsive) get weaker as the particles get further apart.

56. Tonight’s talk The scale and size of the Universe Its very big, but full of very small things Electricity It’s everywhere! How it works There are ‘particles’ and ‘fields’ Atoms Light

57. Electromagnetic waves Electricity Heat How it all fits together… Atoms

58. Protons, neutrons and electrons normally exist inside atoms

59. Think of a millimetre… Then a tenth… Then a hundredth… Then a thousandth… Atoms are small.. 1 mm 0.1 mm 0.01 mm0.001 mm Atoms are roughly 10,000 times smaller than this… 1 mm 0.1 mm 0.01 mm 0.001 mm

60. Atoms There are VAST numbers of atoms in everything. In just a handful of anything there are about the same number of atoms as there are grains of sand on all the beaches and deserts on Earth combined Photo Credit: http://www.morguefile.com ID = 104101

61. The electrical nature of matter Atoms Internal Structure

62. Tonight’s Drama: The importance of being electrical

63. How are atoms made? proton Interact by the short range ‘strong’ force – not electrical Electrical Repulsion

64. How are atoms made?

65. Atomic Structure Electrons ‘orbit’ around the outside of an atom very light possess a property called electric charge Nucleus occupies the centre very tiny and very heavy protons have a property called electric charge neutrons have no electric charge

66. Atomic Structure Nuclei (+) attract electrons (-) until the atom as a whole is neutral The electrons repel each other They try to get as far away from each other as they can, a and as near to the nucleus as they can

67. The electrical nature of matter Chemistry Atoms, Elements & Molecules

68. Atoms &… The Periodic Table Atoms with up to about 82 protons can be stable. A substance made up of a single type of atom is called an element Elements with with similar arrangements of outer electrons behave similarly. C Carbon 6 Protons 6 Electrons

69. H Atoms &… Molecules H2H2 N N A molecule is a collection of atoms stuck together electrically. H H O H2OH2O H N2N2

70. Atoms &… Ions A ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained an electron. OHH − +

71. The electrical nature of matter Solids

72. Atoms in solids Atoms can be imaged on a surface Photo Credit: Patrick Josephs Franks: NPL

73. The electrical nature of matter In ‘normal’ matter, there are equal quantities of positive and negative charge so that there is no attraction or repulsion of objects. Object 1 Object 2

74. The electrical nature of matter Mechanical Properties

75. Atoms and mechanics Whenever two materials touch, the forces between them are the forces between the outer (valence) electrons All mechanical forces are actually electrical in nature Object 1 Object 2

76. The electrical nature of matter Conductors and Insulators

77. Atoms in solids Solids are made up out of lots atoms very close together. If the electrons can’t move easily from atom to atom: The material is called an insulator If the electrons can move easily from atom to atom: The material is called a conductor

78. The electrical nature of matter Magnetic Forces

79. Relativity Guten Abend There is no absolute space or time. The laws of physics depend only on the relative motion of objects

80. Magnetism Electric & Magnetic We call forces ‘magnetic’ when both electrical particles are moving with relative to us. The forces must still be electrical in origin. This was first explained by Albert Einstein in his Theory of Relativity

81. Mechanical Forces are electrical Chemistry is electrical Electronics is electrical Magnetism is electrical Sausages are electrical Winding up…

82. The electrical nature of matter How the balloon affected the paper…

83. Odd phenomena… A balloon and a piece of paper

84. Odd phenomena… A balloon and a piece of paper

85. Tonight’s talk The scale and size of the Universe Its very big, but full of very small things Electricity It’s everywhere! How it works There are ‘particles’ and ‘fields’ Atoms They’re everywhere! And they are all electrical! Light

86. The electrical nature of matter How is the electrical force transmitted from one charged particle to another?

87. How do charged particles interact? It’s a three-step process… Particle with electric charge Particle with electric charge Interact by means of an electric field …but the steps happen very quickly

88. The nature of interactions (1) Analogy with water level and water waves

89. Tonight’s talk The scale and size of the Universe Its very big, but full of very small things Electricity It’s everywhere! How it works There are ‘particles’ and ‘fields’ Atoms They’re everywhere! And they are all electrical! Light An electro-magnetic wave

90. Electromagnetic waves Electricity Heat How it all fits together… Atoms

91. Summary Physics concepts span vast ranges of mass, length and time. The universe has two kinds of objects in it: Matter and Fields All matter (on Earth) is made of atoms which interact electrically. In matter as we normally experience it, there are equal amounts of the two types of electric charge and their effects cancel If we add or remove some particles with electric charge from matter then we can see the electrical effects.

92. Homework Activity: Remember when you have your breakfast that you are eating protons and neutrons coated with tasty electrons. Research: What is the ‘frequency’ of your favourite radio station? Don’t just get the number (98.9, 198 etc.) get the units as well! They should be in Hertz Kilohertz Megahertz

93. One minute feedback On the back of your handouts! Rip off the last sheet Please write down what is in on your mind RIGHT NOW! A question? OK A comment? OK A surprising thought in your mind? I’d love to hear it!

94. Goodnight blog.protonsforbreakfast.org This Powerpoint File Links to other sites & resources Me going on about things See you next week! Don’t forget your pencils and badges!

95. Goodnight