1. Organization of the Retina
Our eyes are marvellous sense organs that allow us to appreciate all the beauty of the world we live in,
Organization of the Retina
Hongyan Li
An overview of vision system:

2. sclera: protection
choroid: blood supply
cornea, anterior chamber, and lens refract light together.

3. How do we see?
Lets watch this video:

4. Anatomy of retina: “3-layer cake”
Outer nuclear layer
Inner nuclear layer
Ganglion cell layer

5. Outer nuclear layer: Photoreceptors*
Outer nuclear layer: Photoreceptors
There are two types of photoreceptor:
Rod photoreceptor
Cone photoreceptor: 3 types in human retina
Named for the shape
Photopigment responds to light, and generates electrochemical pulses.
Through neurotransmitter release, The response is transmitted to other neurons in retina.

6. What is in the inner nuclear layer:
Bipolar cell:
Rod bipolar cell and Cone bipolar cell *
1. Transmit light information from photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
2. Bipolar cells are so-named as they all have the central body from which 2 sets of processes arise.

7. What else is in the inner nuclear layer:
Horizontal cell *
Horizontal cells are the laterally interconnecting neurons, helping integrate and regulate the input from multiple photoreceptors

8. Anything else in the inner nuclear layer:
Amacrine cell
no real axon
INL and GCL *
Amacrine cells, work laterally (like horizontal cells), affect the output from bipolar cells.

9. What is in the ganglion cell layer:*
1. Ganglion cells form synapses with bipolar cells and amacrine cells.
2. Ganglion cell send axons to optic disc.

10. Outer (OPL) and Inner plexiform layer (IPL): networks of synapses

11. Let’s make a piece of retina

12. Fovea
1. Fovea is a small (1.5mm in diameter) central pit located in the center of the macula. Fovea is very important for seeing detail and color.
Right eye fovea
Fovea contains no rods and very few blue cones.
2. To accomplish the sharp vision, fovea contains no rods and very few blue cones. Each cone is connected to only one bipolar cell and one ganglion cell.