1. SOCIALISM

2. Origins and development of socialism
Socialism arose as a reaction to:
social inequalities brought about by industrial capitalism in Europe
colonialism in Africa, Asia and Latin America
tribal values and religious ideology in African and Arab countries

3. Principles of socialism
Socialism is primarily an economic model, and thus has been an instrument in the labour movement. It principally values:
community
cooperation
equality
class politics
common ownership

4. Roads to socialism Revolutionary socialism: fundamentalism
Evolutionary socialism: revisionist
The inevitability of gradualism?

5. Communism
Communism is an ideology which fundamentally combines philosophy, economics and politics, and has appeared in different parts of the world in different manifestations:
Orthodox communism – based on the Soviet model, adopted in China, Cuba and Eastern Europe
Neo-Marxism – adopted in parts of Western Europe.

6. Social democracy
An ideological stance that developed in the mid-twentieth century
It abolished the goal of overthrowing capitalism, but sought to reform it
Came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy and state intervention

7. Social democracy
Ethical socialism – humanistic and religious principles
Revisionist socialism – the ‘taming’ of capitalism
The crisis of social democracy – economic efficiency vs. egalitarianism
Neo-revisionism and the ‘third way’ – an alternative to capitalism and socialism

8. Socialism in a global age
Has socialism been killed by globalization?
Has globalization negatively impacted on capitalism?
Can only revisionist socialism survive into the future?