1. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Active Learning Lecture Slides For use with Classroom Response Systems Essential Statistics: Exploring the World through Data, 1e by Gould and Ryan Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing for Population Proportions Slide 8 - 1

2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False Hypotheses are always statements about sample statistics. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 2

3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False Hypotheses are always statements about sample statistics. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 3

4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False The null hypothesis, which we write H 0 is the conservative, status-quo, business-as- usual statement about a population parameter. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 4

5. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False The null hypothesis, which we write H 0 is the conservative, status-quo, business-as- usual statement about a population parameter. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 5

6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False The alternative hypothesis, H a, is the research hypothesis. It is usually a statement about the value of a parameter that we hope to demonstrate is true. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 6

7. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False The alternative hypothesis, H a, is the research hypothesis. It is usually a statement about the value of a parameter that we hope to demonstrate is true. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 7

8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False The null hypothesis always gets the benefit of the doubt and is assumed to be true throughout the hypothesis-testing procedure. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 8

9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False The null hypothesis always gets the benefit of the doubt and is assumed to be true throughout the hypothesis-testing procedure. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 9

10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False During hypothesis testing, if we decide at the last step that the observed outcome is extremely unusual under this assumption, then and only then do we reject the null hypothesis. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 10

11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False During hypothesis testing, if we decide at the last step that the observed outcome is extremely unusual under this assumption, then and only then do we reject the null hypothesis. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 11

12. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False In this book, the null hypothesis always has an equals sign, no matter which alternative hypothesis is used. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 12

13. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False In this book, the null hypothesis always has an equals sign, no matter which alternative hypothesis is used. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 13

14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when, in fact, the null hypothesis is true is called the A.standard error B.p-value C.power of the test D.significance level Slide 8 - 14

15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when, in fact, the null hypothesis is true is called the A.standard error B.p-value C.power of the test D.significance level Slide 8 - 15

16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. There are three basic pairs of hypotheses. The two-tailed test has the following hypotheses: A.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p < p 0 B.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p ≠ p 0 C.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p > p 0 D.H 0 : p ≠ p 0 and H a : p = p 0 Slide 8 - 16

17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. There are three basic pairs of hypotheses. The two-tailed test has the following hypotheses: A.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p < p 0 B.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p ≠ p 0 C.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p > p 0 D.H 0 : p ≠ p 0 and H a : p = p 0 Slide 8 - 17

18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. There are three basic pairs of hypotheses. The one-tailed (left) test has the following hypotheses: A.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p < p 0 B.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p ≠ p 0 C.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p > p 0 D.H 0 : p ≠ p 0 and H a : p = p 0 Slide 8 - 18

19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. There are three basic pairs of hypotheses. The one-tailed (left) test has the following hypotheses: A.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p < p 0 B.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p ≠ p 0 C.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p > p 0 D.H 0 : p ≠ p 0 and H a : p = p 0 Slide 8 - 19

20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. There are three basic pairs of hypotheses. The one-tailed (right) test has the following hypotheses: A.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p < p 0 B.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p ≠ p 0 C.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p > p 0 D.H 0 : p ≠ p 0 and H a : p = p 0 Slide 8 - 20

21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. There are three basic pairs of hypotheses. The one-tailed (right) test has the following hypotheses: A.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p < p 0 B.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p ≠ p 0 C.H 0 : p = p 0 and H a : p > p 0 D.H 0 : p ≠ p 0 and H a : p = p 0 Slide 8 - 21

22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False You should always draw a sketch before you compute the p-value, even if you use technology (as we strongly recommend) to find the probability. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 22

23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False You should always draw a sketch before you compute the p-value, even if you use technology (as we strongly recommend) to find the probability. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 23

24. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following value(s) for the significance level, α, is/are considered acceptably small? A.0.01 B.0.05 C.0.10 D.All of the above Slide 8 - 24

25. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following value(s) for the significance level, α, is/are considered acceptably small? A.0.01 B.0.05 C.0.10 D.All of the above Slide 8 - 25

26. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False A test statistic compares our observed outcome to the alternative hypothesis. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 26

27. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False A test statistic compares our observed outcome to the alternative hypothesis. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 27

28. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False If the null hypothesis is true, then the z- statistic will be close to 0. Therefore, the farther the z-statistic is from 0, the more the null hypothesis is discredited. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 28

29. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False If the null hypothesis is true, then the z- statistic will be close to 0. Therefore, the farther the z-statistic is from 0, the more the null hypothesis is discredited. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 29

30. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Assuming the null hypothesis is true, which of the following is the probability that if the experiment were repeated, you would get a test statistic as extreme as or more extreme than the one you actually got? A. α-level B. z-statistic C. p-value D. power Slide 8 - 30

31. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Assuming the null hypothesis is true, which of the following is the probability that if the experiment were repeated, you would get a test statistic as extreme as or more extreme than the one you actually got? A. α-level B. z-statistic C. p-value D. power Slide 8 - 31

32. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False A small p-value suggests that a surprising outcome has occurred and discredits the null hypothesis. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 32

33. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False A small p-value suggests that a surprising outcome has occurred and discredits the null hypothesis. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 33

34. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False Under the appropriate conditions, the sampling distribution of the z-statistic is approximately a standard normal distribution, N(0, 1). A.True B.False Slide 8 - 34

35. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False Under the appropriate conditions, the sampling distribution of the z-statistic is approximately a standard normal distribution, N(0, 1). A.True B.False Slide 8 - 35

36. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False Extreme values are rare in a N(0, 1) distribution, so if we see an extreme value, it is evidence that the null hypothesis is true. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 36

37. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False Extreme values are rare in a N(0, 1) distribution, so if we see an extreme value, it is evidence that the null hypothesis is true. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 37

38. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. To achieve a significance level of α, if the p-value is less than (or equal to) α, then A.reject the null hypothesis B.accept the null hypothesis C.do not reject the null hypothesis D.accept the alternative hypothesis Slide 8 - 38

39. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. To achieve a significance level of α, if the p-value is less than (or equal to) α, then A.reject the null hypothesis B.accept the null hypothesis C.do not reject the null hypothesis D.accept the alternative hypothesis Slide 8 - 39

40. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. To achieve a significance level of α, if the p-value is greater than α, then A.reject the null hypothesis B.accept the null hypothesis C.do not reject the null hypothesis D.accept the alternative hypothesis Slide 8 - 40

41. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. To achieve a significance level of α, if the p-value is greater than α, then A.reject the null hypothesis B.accept the null hypothesis C.do not reject the null hypothesis D.accept the alternative hypothesis Slide 8 - 41

42. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. In order to compare proportions from two populations, we write the null hypothesis as A.H 0 : p 1 = p 2 B.H 0 : p 1 < p 2 C.H 0 : p 1 > p 2 D.H 0 : p 1 ≠ p 2 Slide 8 - 42

43. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. In order to compare proportions from two populations, we write the null hypothesis as A.H 0 : p 1 = p 2 B.H 0 : p 1 < p 2 C.H 0 : p 1 > p 2 D.H 0 : p 1 ≠ p 2 Slide 8 - 43

44. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False The results of a study are said to have been replicated when researchers using new subjects come to the same conclusion. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 44

45. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False The results of a study are said to have been replicated when researchers using new subjects come to the same conclusion. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 45

46. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is/are instances for which conditions fail to be met? A.the sample size is too small B.the samples are not independent C.the sample is not randomly selected D.All of the above Slide 8 - 46

47. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is/are instances for which conditions fail to be met? A.the sample size is too small B.the samples are not independent C.the sample is not randomly selected D.All of the above Slide 8 - 47

48. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The power depends on which of the following factors? A.just how wrong the null hypothesis is B.the sample size C.the significance level D.All of the above Slide 8 - 48

49. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The power depends on which of the following factors? A.just how wrong the null hypothesis is B.the sample size C.the significance level D.All of the above Slide 8 - 49

50. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False We cannot make the significance level arbitrarily small because doing so lowers the power—the probability that we will correctly reject the null hypothesis. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 50

51. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False We cannot make the significance level arbitrarily small because doing so lowers the power—the probability that we will correctly reject the null hypothesis. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 51

52. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False The results of a study are said to have been replicated when researchers using new subjects come to the same conclusion. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 52

53. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False The results of a study are said to have been replicated when researchers using new subjects come to the same conclusion. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 53

54. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False Statistically significant findings always mean that the results are useful. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 54

55. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False Statistically significant findings always mean that the results are useful. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 55

56. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False Don’t say you “proved” something with statistics. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 56

57. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False Don’t say you “proved” something with statistics. A.True B.False Slide 8 - 57

58. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False In hypothesis testing, it is perfectly reasonable to say that you “accept the null hypothesis.” A.True B.False Slide 8 - 58

59. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False In hypothesis testing, it is perfectly reasonable to say that you “accept the null hypothesis.” A.True B.False Slide 8 - 59

60. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Don’t say you “accept the null hypothesis”; say, rather that you A.cannot reject the null hypothesis B.failed to reject the null hypothesis C.there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis D.All of the above Slide 8 - 60

61. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Don’t say you “accept the null hypothesis”; say, rather that you A.cannot reject the null hypothesis B.failed to reject the null hypothesis C.there is insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis D.All of the above Slide 8 - 61