1. Table of Contents Chapter 4 Part 3 Sensation and Perception

2. Table of Contents Hearing: The Auditory System Stimulus = sound waves (vibrations of molecules traveling in air) –Amplitude (loudness) –Wavelength (pitch) –Purity (timbre) Wavelength described in terms of frequency: measured in cycles per second (Hz) –Frequency increase = pitch increase

3. Table of Contents Figure 4.47 Sound, the physical stimulus for hearing

4. Table of Contents The Ear: Three Divisions External ear (pinna): collects sound Middle ear: the ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) Inner ear: the cochlea –a fluid-filled, coiled tunnel –contains the hair cells, the auditory receptors –lined up on the basilar membrane

5. Table of Contents Figure 4.49 The human ear

6. Table of Contents Figure 4.50 The basilar membrane

7. Table of Contents The Auditory Pathway 1. Sound waves vibrate bones of the middle ear 2. Stirrup hits against the oval window of cochlea 3. Sets the fluid inside in motion 4. Hair cells are stimulated with the movement of the basilar membrane 5. Physical stimulation converted into neural impulses 6. Sent through the thalamus to the auditory cortex (temporal lobes)

8. Table of Contents Theories of Hearing: Place or Frequency? Hermann von Helmholtz (1863) –Place theory Other researchers (Rutherford, 1886) –Frequency theory Georg von Bekesy (1947) –Traveling wave theory

9. Table of Contents Auditory Localization: Where Did that Sound Come From? Two cues critical: –Intensity (loudness) –Timing of sounds arriving at each ear Head as “shadow” or partial sound barrier Timing differences as small as 1/100,000 of a second

10. Table of Contents Figure 4.51 Cues in auditory localization

11. Table of Contents The Chemical Senses: Taste Taste (gustation) Physical stimulus: soluble chemical substances –Receptor cells found in taste buds Pathway: taste buds -> neural impulse -> thalamus -> cortex –Four primary tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, and salty –Taste: learned and social processes Nontasters and Supertasters

12. Table of Contents Figure 4.52 The tongue and taste

13. Table of Contents The Chemical Senses: Smell Smell (Olfaction) Physical stimuli: substances carried in the air –Dissolved in fluid, the mucus in the nose –Olfactory receptors = olfactory cilia Pathway: Olfactory cilia -> neural impulse -> olfactory nerve -> olfactory bulb (brain) –Does not go through thalamus

14. Table of Contents Figure 4.54 The olfactory system

15. Table of Contents Skin Senses: Touch Physical stimuli = mechanical, thermal, and chemical energy impinging on the skin Pathway: Sensory receptors -> the spinal column - > brainstem -> cross to opposite side of brain -> thalamus -> somatosensory (parietal lobe) Temperature: free nerve endings in the skin Pain receptors: also free nerve endings –Two pain pathways: fast vs. slow

16. Table of Contents Figure 4.56 Pathways for pain signals

17. Table of Contents Other Senses: Kinesthetic and Vestibular Kinesthesis - knowing the position of the various parts of the body –Receptors in joints/muscles Vestibular - equilibrium/balance –Semicircular canals