2. RE-CAP What is a partnership? What is an advantage of becoming a partnership? What is a disadvantage of becoming a partnership? What document do you need to set up a partnership?

4. Why Become a Shareholder? Shares in public limited companies are available to buy on the stock exchange.

5. WHAT IS A LIMITED COMPANY? A limited company is a business that is owned by its shareholders who have bought shares from the company, run by directors and has a separate legal identity from its owner.

6. elect DIRECTORS who oversee MANAGERS SHAREHOLDER S WHO CONTROLS THE COMPANY So it is owned by its shareholders and run by its directors who are elected by the shareholders!!!

7. Limited Liability Company Advantages Each shareholder enjoys limited liability. The debt is spread among shareholders. Easier to raise finance. Easier to raise finance. There is continuity whatever happens. There is continuity whatever happens. It is easier for the business to borrow money It is easier for the business to borrow money Disadvantages A complex management structure may be needed. A complex management structure may be needed. A lot of legal formalities required to set one up, which maybe costly and time consuming. A lot of legal formalities required to set one up, which maybe costly and time consuming. The company is accountable to its shareholders and creditors. The company is accountable to its shareholders and creditors. The company must produce accounts which are available to the public. The company must produce accounts which are available to the public. Published Company Accounts 2014

8. Limited Liability Company Public limited Company Must have PLC after its name. Shares are sold to the general public on the stock exchange. Minimum £50,000 authorised share capital. Minimum £50,000 authorised share capital. Shareholders have the right to sell their shares to whoever they want. Shareholders have the right to sell their shares to whoever they want. Minimum number of shareholders is seven. Minimum number of shareholders is seven. Usually larger. Usually larger. Private limited Company Must have Ltd after its name. Shares are not sold on the stock exchange, only sold to private individual. Shares are not sold on the stock exchange, only sold to private individual. Not allowed listing on the Stock Exchange. Not allowed listing on the Stock Exchange. Not allowed to advertise their shares. Not allowed to advertise their shares. Minimum number of shareholders is two. Minimum number of shareholders is two. Usually smaller. Usually smaller.

9. SO AS YOU CAN SEE THEY ARE VERY SIMILAR!!

10. In a private limited company the shares are not offered for sale to the general public. Where as in a public limited company they are! SO REMEMBER!!!!! The main difference!

11. FORMING A COMPANY The steps to forming a limited company are: 1.Register with Registrar of Companies at Companies House 2.Draw up a Memorandum of Association 3.Draw up the Articles of Association 4.Obtain a Certificate of Incorporation from the Companies’ Registrar 5.The company can then start trading

12. Capital of company is called Share Capital Share CapitalShare Premium  The capital of a company is divided into units called shares and each share has a face value, known as the nominal value of a share or par value eg $0.50, $1; $2 etc  The nominal value of a share does not change, it is fixed when a company starts operating,  However companies are allowed to sell shares above their nominal values and make a Capital profit on selling shares called Share Premium.  It is the difference between Selling price of share and the nominal value of a share.  Eg A company issued 1000 shares of $1 each at $1.5 ( therefore $1 is the nominal value and $1.5 is the selling price of the shares)  Therefore Share premium is ( 1 500-1 000= 500)  It is a capital reserve  It cannot be used for paying dividend of a company  It can be used for issuing bonus shares

13. Share Capital Authorised share capital It is the maximum amount of share capital the company is allowed to issue by the registrar of companies. Issued Share capital It is part of the authorised share capital that have already been issued to the shareholders, it is equal to or less than Authorised share capital Called up capital It is the total amount of capital that a company has requested from the shareholders to pay. It is less than the Issued capital. Paid up Capital It refers to part of the called up capital that has been received by the company from shreholeders Dividend It is the reward given to shareholders for their investment, it is paid from profits made during the year.

14. Types of shares Ordinary Shares Preference Shares They are known as equity shares Shareholders of these shares are the owners of the company Shareholders have got voting rights, one share one vote These shares have greater risk Owners of these shares receive dividend after preference dividend has been paid Ordinary dividend is not fixed, it varies with the availability of profit ie more profits more dividend,no profits no dividend They are not owners of the company Preference shareholders have no voting rights The shareholders receive a fixed rate of dividend. The rate of dividend is given before the word Preference shares In the event of liquidation they are paid their capital before ordinary sharehlders They are less risk

15. Reserves of a Company Revenue reserves Capital reserves Can be used to pay dividend Examples are Retained profits General reserve All reserves revenue or capital belong to Ordinary shareholders Can not be used to pay dividend Example Share premium

16. Loan Capital Debentures It is a long term loan secured on fixed Assets ( NCA) It has a fixed rate of interest The interest is payable whether or not the company makes a profit The interest is an expense appears in the Income statement. Debentures holders are not owners of a company, no voting rights In the event of liquidation they are paid their capital before Preference shareholders.