1. NUMUG - Oct 20031 Atmospheric Stability – Methods & Measurements Robert F. Yewdall PSEG Nuclear LLC

2. NUMUG - Oct 20032 Introduction  Overview Of Atmospheric Stability Classification As It Relates To Commercial Nuclear Power Stations  Not Intended To Endorse Any Specific Model Or Atmospheric Dispersion Methodology

3. NUMUG - Oct 20033 Atmospheric Stability  History  NRC Requirement  Uses Of Stability Index

4. NUMUG - Oct 20034 Prescriptive Requirement For NRC Licensees  Regulatory Guide 1.111, Methods for Estimating Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion….  Regulatory Guide 1.145, Atmospheric Dispersion Models for Potential Accident Consequence Assessment at Nuclear Power Plants.  Standard Review Plan (NUREG 0800)  Standard Format and Content Guide (Reg Guide 1.70)  Draft Regulatory Guide DG-1111, Atmospheric Relative Concentration For Control Room Radiological Habitability Assessment At Nuclear Power Plants

5. NUMUG - Oct 20035 The Paradox – Tower Siting Requirements versus Representation of Dispersion of Effluents at the Point of Release  1. The need to gather climatological/ meteorological data for site characterization and short term (accident) and long term dispersion estimates.  2. The need to determine what is happening to the effluent (source term) released from the station.

6. NUMUG - Oct 20036 History - General  Data gathering for station licensing & siting (primarily 10 CFR Part 100).  Early emergency planning  Post TMI  NRC Program and Instrument Requirements Still 1972 vintage (SG 23)

7. NUMUG - Oct 20037 History at PSEG  Dispersion analysis originally developed from Brookhaven model  Persuaded to estimate dispersion based on NRC ‘requirements’

8. NUMUG - Oct 20038 Brookhaven Model

9. NUMUG - Oct 20039 Early FSAR Analysis All Hours

10. NUMUG - Oct 200310 Early FSAR Analysis Stable Only

11. NUMUG - Oct 200311 Basis Numerical functions,  y (x) and  z (x). employed to describe the lateral and vertical dispersion, were created empirically using Gaussian statistics based on field observations and tracer studies. As described in numerous documents and as identified in an article by C.W. Miller 1 “..while these Pasquill-Gifford (PG) curves have been applied to a large variety of different situations, they were actually intended for use under rather limited circumstances: wind speed greater than 2 m/sec, nonbuoyant plumes, flow over open country and downwind distances of only a few km…”. In addition “… values generally applied with the model were originally derived from data gathered on over relatively flat, smooth terrain…” 1 An Examination of Gaussian Plume Dispersion Parameters For Rough Terrain, Atmospheric Environment, (1978) Vol. 12, pp 1359

12. NUMUG - Oct 200312 Post TMI Requirements  RG 1.97 Instrumentation for Light-Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants To Assess Plant and Environs Conditions During and Following an Accident  NUREG 0654 Criteria for Preparation and Evaluation of Radiological Emergency Response Plans and Preparedness in Support of Nuclear Power Plants, Rev Nov 1980  NUREG 0737, Requirements For Emergency Response Capability, Supp 1, 12/92  NUREG 0696 Functional Criteria for Emergency Response Facilities, 1981  License conditions or commitments

13. NUMUG - Oct 200313 Calculation Structure  Atmospheric Stability Is Index Into 7 Category Grouping  Determination Of Stability Is Either By Delta Temperature Or Sigma Theta  Stability Index Currently Defined In A Number Of NRC Regulatory Guides and NUREG  Stability Class Generally Referred To As “ Pasquill – Gifford” or P-G Class

14. NUMUG - Oct 200314 Calculation Structure - Cont  Index Form Discrete Values (can create large steps in dose projections)  NRC Regs Require Delta Temperature Index To Be Used For Determination Of Long Term & Accident Dispersion Calculations  For Emergency Preparedness Purposes - Could Use Sigma Theta As Substitute For Delta Temperature Or For Sigma Y

15. NUMUG - Oct 200315 What is going on at the release point

16. NUMUG - Oct 200316 Possible Differences Between Met Tower and Release Point  Land – Sea Interfaces  Valley Flows  Elevation Difference – Cliffs and Bluffs

17. NUMUG - Oct 200317

18. NUMUG - Oct 200318 Site Area

19. NUMUG - Oct 200319 Region

20. NUMUG - Oct 200320

21. NUMUG - Oct 200321 Sigma Theta  Per ANSI/ANS- 2.5-1984, the standard deviation of horizontal wind direction fluctuations shall be determined by statistical analysis of samples from no less than 180 instantaneous values of lateral wind direction during the sample period (i.e. if the sampling period is 15 minutes, values sampled at every five- second interval or less are acceptable); likewise, if the sampling period is one hour, 20 second sampling intervals or less are acceptable. Maximum sampling time is one hour.

22. NUMUG - Oct 200322 Sigma Theta  CLASSIFICATION OF ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY PER ANS 2.5-1984   CATEGORYPASQUILL CLASS SIGMA THETA (ST)   EXTREME UNSTABLEAST>=22.5  MODERATE UNSTABLEB 22.5>ST>=17.5  SLIGHTLY UNSTABLEC 17.5>ST>=12.5  NEUTRALD 12.5>ST>=7.5  SLIGHTLY STABLEE7.5>ST>= 3.8  MODERATE STABLEF3.8>ST>=2.1  EXTREMELY STABLEG2.1>ST

23. NUMUG - Oct 200323 VERTICAL TEMP DIFF (DT)  P-G Class(DEGREE C/100M)  ADT<=-1.9  B-1.9<DT<=-1.7  C-1.7<DT<=-1.5  D-1.5<DT<=-0.5  E-0.5<DT<=1.5  F1.5<DT<=4.0  G 4.0<DT Regulatory Guide 1.23 Table 2 defines the seven stability classifications that are based on ranges from sigma theta. Sigma Theta is a measure of standard deviation.

24. NUMUG - Oct 200324 Example – 15 Minute Average

25. NUMUG - Oct 200325 Example – 15 Minute

26. NUMUG - Oct 200326 Stability Comparison Table

27. NUMUG - Oct 200327 Stability Comparison - Plot

28. NUMUG - Oct 200328 Where Do We Go From Here ?

29. NUMUG - Oct 200329 Guidance – Current Status NRC’S CURRENT POSITION ON METEOROLOGY (05/02) –SAFETY GUIDE 23 (AKA, R.G. 1.23) IS STILL IN EFFECT. –PROPOSED REV. 1, AND 2 nd PROPOSED REV. 1 TO R.G. 1.23 WERE NEVER ADOPTED. –AT PRESENT, THERE IS NO EFFORT, ONGOING OR PLANNED WITHIN NRC, FOR AN UPDATE OR REVISION. –NRC IS WAITING FOR AN INDUSTRY TRADE GROUP (e.g. NUMUG) TO TAKE THE INITIATIVE TO GET ANSI/ANS- 3.11 RECOGNIZED.

30. NUMUG - Oct 200330 Issues  NRC Support/ Recognition of Met Standard ANSI/ANS 3.11  Prescriptive nature of dispersion modeling ( i.e., delta Ts)  Location of meteorological monitoring relative to release location  No change in temporal, spatial changes in condition for 50 miles  Met validation and quality programs requirement inconsistent with effluent release validation requirements  Station support following removal from Tech Specs