1. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 6-1 An Introduction to Bone Markings (1 of 2)

2. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 6-1 An Introduction to Bone Markings (2 of 2)

3. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Skeletal Divisions (6-6) Axial skeleton includes: – The skull and associated bones – The thoracic cage with the ribs and sternum – The vertebral column Appendicular skeleton includes: – The pectoral girdle and the upper limbs – The pelvic girdle and the lower limbs

4. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-8 The Skeleton. Skull Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ribs Vertebrae Radius Ulna Sacrum Hip bone Carpal bones Coccyx Metacarpal bones Phalanges Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Anterior view Posterior view

5. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-9 The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. AXIAL SKELETON Skull Skull and associated bones Thoracic cage Vertebral column Associated bones Vertebrae Sacrum 80 Cranium Face Auditory ossicles Hyoid Sternum Ribs Coccyx APPENDICULAR SKELETON Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) Hip bone (coxal bone) Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Lower limbs Pelvic girdle Upper limbs Pectoral girdle 29 25 8 14 6 1 1 24 26 1 1 126 2 2 4 2 2 2 16 10 60 28 2 2 2 2 2 2 14 10 28 60 Hyoid 1

6. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (6-6) 17. Define bone markings (surface features).

7. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Axial Skeleton (6-7) Framework for support and protection of the brain, spinal cord, and organs in the ventral body cavity Provides surface area for attachment of muscles that: 1.Move the head, neck, and trunk 2.Perform respiration 3.Stabilize elements of the appendicular skeleton

8. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skull (6-7) Houses brain and sense organs for sight, smell, taste, and balance Total of 22 bones – 8 form the cranium Forming cranial cavity, which houses brain – 14 are facial bones Also includes associated bones, 6 auditory ossicles, and one hyoid bone

9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Frontal Bone (6-7) Forms the forehead and the roof of the orbits, or eye sockets Supra-orbital foramen – Forms a passageway above each orbit for blood vessels and nerves Frontal sinuses – Are air-filled cavities above the orbit Lined with mucus membrane Connect with the nasal cavity

10. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Parietal Bones (6-7) Are posterior to frontal bones and form the roof of the cranium Coronal suture – Where the parietal and frontal bones interlock Sagittal suture – Where the parietal bones interlock at the midline of the cranium

11. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Occipital Bone (6-7) Forms the posterior, inferior part of the cranium Lambdoid suture – Where the occipital and parietal bones interlock Foramen magnum – Surrounds the connection between the brain and the spinal cord Occipital condyles – The articular surfaces that sit on the first vertebra

12. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Temporal Bones (6-7) On either side of the cranium and zygomatic arches, housing the ossicles in middle ear Squamous sutures – Where the temporal and parietal bones interlock Key bone markings – External auditory meatus – Mandibular fossa – Mastoid process – Styloid process

13. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Sphenoid Bone (6-7) Forms part of the floor of the cranium – The bridge between the cranial bones and the facial bones Contains a pair of sinuses, the sphenoidal sinuses "Wings" of the bone extend laterally from a central depression, the sella turcica – Which houses and protects the pituitary gland

14. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Ethmoid Bone (6-7) Anterior to the sphenoid, forms part of the cranial floor – Forms the medial surfaces of the orbits and is the roof and sides of the nasal cavity Crista galli projects upward toward the brain and the inferior cribriform plate – Has holes in it allowing for olfactory nerves to pass into the nasal cavity

15. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Ethmoid Bone (6-7) Contains ethmoidal sinuses Projections into the nasal cavity toward the nasal septum – Called the superior and middle nasal conchae Perpendicular plate extends down from the crista galli between the conchae – To form part of the nasal septum

16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-10 The Adult Skull, Part I. Coronal suture PARIETAL BONE FRONTAL BONE SPHENOID Supra-orbital foramen NASAL BONE LACRIMAL BONE ETHMOID Infra-orbital foramen MAXILLA ZYGOMATIC BONE Squamous suture Lambdoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process TEMPORAL BONE MANDIBLE Zygomatic arch Styloid process Zygomatic process of temporal bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone Coronoid process OCCIPITAL BONE

17. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Maxillae (6-7) Also called the maxillary bones Articulate with all other facial bones except for the mandible Forms the floor and medial sides of the rim of the orbits, the walls of the nasal cavity, and the anterior roof of the mouth (bony palate) Maxillary sinuses – Drain into nasal cavity – Lighten the weight of the bones

18. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Palatine and Vomer Bones (6-7) Palatine bones form the posterior surface of the bony palate, or roof of the mouth – Superior surfaces form the floor of the nasal cavity – Superior tips form part of orbital floor Vomer articulates with paired palatine bones and forms part of the nasal septum

19. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Zygomatic Bones (6-7) Articulate with the frontal bone and the maxillae, forming the lateral wall of the orbit Temporal process of the zygomatic – Curves laterally and posteriorly to articulate with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone – Forming the zygomatic arch

20. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nasal and Lacrimal Bones (6-7) Nasal bones form the bridge of the nose between the orbits – Articulating with the frontal and maxillary bones Lacrimal bones are found within the orbit on the medial surfaces – Articulating with the frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

21. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Inferior Nasal Conchae and Nasal Complex (6-7) Inferior nasal conchae project from lateral walls of nasal cavity Changing airflow to improve sense of smell The nasal complex is made of all the bones that form the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses that drain into it Nasal septum divides the cavity into right and left

22. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-13 The Paranasal Sinuses. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus

23. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Mandible (6-7) The lower jaw – Vertical process on either side – The ramus extends up toward the temporal bone Posterior process of the ramus, the condylar process – Articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone Anterior coronoid process is the attachment point: – For the temporalis muscle that closes the jaw

24. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-11a The Adult Skull, Part II. PARIETAL BONE SPHENOID TEMPORAL BONE ETHMOID PALATINE BONE LACRIMAL BONE ZYGOMATIC BONE NASAL BONE MAXILLA INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA MANDIBLE Coronal suture Supra-orbital foramen Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mastoid process of temporal bone Infra-orbital foramen Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid) Perpendicular plate of ethmoid VOMER Nasal septum (bony portion) Anterior view FRONTAL BONE Sagittal suture

25. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-11b The Adult Skull, Part II. FRONTAL BONE ZYGOMATIC BONE VOMER SPHENOID Styloid process Mandibular fossa External acoustic meatus Lambdoid suture OCCIPITAL BONE External occipital protuberance MAXILLA PALATINE BONE Zygomatic arch TEMPORAL BONE Mastoid process Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Inferior view

26. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-12a Sectional Anatomy of the Skull. Crista galli Cribriform plate Sella turcica FRONTAL BONE ETHMOID SPHENOID TEMPORAL BONE PARIETAL BONE OCCIPITAL BONE Superior view of a horizontal section through the skull, showing the floor of the cranial cavity

27. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-12b Sectional Anatomy of the Skull. FRONTAL BONE SPHENOID Sphenoidal sinus (right) Frontal sinus Crista galli NASAL BONE ETHMOID PALATINE BONE MAXILLA MANDIBLE PARIETAL BONE Sella turcica TEMPORAL BONE Lambdoid suture OCCIPITAL BONE Styloid process

28. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-12c Sectional Anatomy of the Skull. FRONTAL BONE Frontal sinuses ETHMOID Sphenoidal sinuses SPHENOID NASAL BONE PALATINE BONE (bony palate) MAXILLA (bony palate) Superior Middle Nasal conchae of ethmoid INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA A sagittal section through the skull, with the nasal septum removed to show major features of the wall of the right nasal cavity

29. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Hyoid Bone (6-7) Small and U-shaped The only bone in the body not directly articulated with another bone Is suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones Serves as attachment for muscles of the larynx, the tongue, and the pharynx

30. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Greater horn Lesser horn Body Figure 6-14 The Hyoid Bone.

31. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Skulls of Infants and Children (6-7) Fetal development of skull bones occurs around the developing brain At birth: – The cranial bones are connected with connective tissue called fontanelles Flexible soft spots that allow for easier delivery of the head By age 4: – The fontanelles disappear and skull growth is finished

32. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-15 The Skull of a Newborn. Coronal suture FRONTAL BONE PARIETAL BONE Sphenoidal fontanelle Squamous suture Lambdoid suture OCCIPITAL BONE NASAL BONE MAXILLA SPHENOID MANDIBLE TEMPORAL BONE Mastoid fontanelle Lateral view FRONTAL BONE PARIETAL BONE Coronal suture Frontal suture Anterior fontanelle Sagittal suture PARIETAL BONE Lambdoid suture OCCIPITAL BONE Occipital fontanelle FRONTAL BONE Superior view

33. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column (6-7) Also called the spine Has 24 vertebrae A fused sacrum A fused coccyx Provides weight-bearing column of support and protection of spinal cord

34. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Vertebral Column (6-7) Cervical region (neck) has 7 cervical vertebrae Thoracic region has 12 thoracic vertebrae Lumbar region has 5 lumbar vertebrae Sacral region has 5 fused vertebrae in the sacrum Coccygeal region also made of 3–5 fused vertebrae in the coccyx

35. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Spinal Curvature (6-7) Primary curves – Project posteriorly and include the thoracic and sacral curves – Are present at birth Secondary curves – Project anteriorly and include the cervical and lumbar curves – Develop several months after birth

36. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Spinal Curvatures (6-7) Abnormal curves – Kyphosis (exaggerated thoracic curve) – Lordosis (exaggerated lumbar curve) – Scoliosis (abnormal lateral curve)

37. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-16 The Vertebral Column. VERTEBRAL REGIONS SPINAL CURVES Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C4C4 C5C5 C6C6 C7C7 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 T5T5 T6T6 T7T7 T8T8 T9T9 T 10 T 11 T 12 L1L1 L2L2 L3L3 L4L4 L5L5

38. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. General Vertebral Anatomy (6-7) Vertebral bodies – Bear weight and are separated from each other by intervertebral discs Vertebral arches – Form posterior margin of vertebral foramina, which form the vertebral canal – Have walls called pedicles and roofs called laminae

39. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. General Vertebral Anatomy (6-7) Transverse processes project laterally or dorsolaterally from the pedicles – Spinous process projects posteriorly from the laminae The inferior and superior articular processes arise at junction of pedicles and laminae on both sides of the vertebrae – Contact one another at the articular facets Forming the intervertebral foramina

40. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cervical Vertebrae (6-7) C 1 –C 7 Body relatively small, and is oval and concave in shape Vertebral foramina gradually decrease in diameter, but are relatively large Spinous process is stumpy, with notched tip Transverse processes have transverse foramina – That protect blood vessels to and from the brain

41. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cervical Vertebrae (6-7) C 1 is the atlas – Holds up the head – Articulates with the occipital condyles – Allows for a specific "nodding yes" movement C 2 is the axis – Has a projection up toward the atlas, called the dens, or odontoid process – Allows for rotational "shaking the head no" movement

42. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-18 The Atlas and Axis. Dens (odontoid process) Transverse ligament The atlas/axis complex Atlas (C 1 ) Axis (C 2 ) Articulates withoccipital condyles Articulates with atlas

43. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Thoracic Vertebrae (6-7) T 1 –T 12 Has heart-shaped body Has a long, slender spinous process that points inferiorly Has costal facets that articulate with the ribs

44. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Lumbar Vertebrae (7-6) L 1 –L 5 Vertebral body is significantly larger, thicker, and more oval Has a massive, stumpy spinous process Has a bladelike transverse process

45. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-17 Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Regions. Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch Pedicle Transverse process Vertebral body Cervical vertebra, superior view Spinous process Transverse process Transverse costal facet for inferior rib Lamina Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen Pedicle Vertebral body Superior costal facet for superior rib Thoracic vertebra, superior view Spinous process Superior articular facet Lamina Superior articular process Transverse process Transverse process Pedicle Vertebral foramen Vertebral body Lumbar vertebra, superior view

46. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-17a Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Regions. Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Vertebral foramen Vertebral arch Pedicle Transverse process Vertebral body Cervical vertebra, superior view

47. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-17b Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Regions. Spinous process Transverse process Transverse costal facet for inferior rib Lamina Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen Pedicle Vertebral body Superior costal facet for superior rib Thoracic vertebra, superior view

48. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-17c Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Regions. Spinous process Superior articular facet Lamina Superior articular process Transverse process Transverse process Pedicle Vertebral foramen Vertebral body Lumbar vertebra, superior view

49. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Sacrum (6-7) Has five fused vertebrae Protects organs in pelvic cavity Has lateral articulations with pelvic girdle Narrow caudal area is the apex; superior surface is the base – Which has the sacral promontory Sacral canal runs down posterior surface Sacral foramina on either side of median sacral crest

50. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Coccyx (6-7) Three to five fused vertebrae Provides attachment for muscles of the anal opening

51. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-19 The Sacrum and Coccyx. Entrance to sacral canal Articular process Sacral promontory Median sacral crest Sacral foramina Base Sacral hiatus Coccyx Posterior view Anterior view Apex

52. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Thoracic Cage (6-7) Made of thoracic vertebrae, the ribs, and the sternum – Forming the walls of the thoracic cavity Seven pairs of true ribs, called vertebrosternal ribs – Connect to sternum with costal cartilages Five pairs of false ribs, pairs 8–10, are vertebrochondral ribs Last two pairs are floating ribs, or vertebral ribs

53. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Three Parts of the Sternum (6-7) Also called the breastbone 1.The superior broad part is the manubrium; articulates with the clavicle of the appendicular skeleton 2.The long body 3.The inferior tip, the xiphoid process

54. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-20 The Thoracic Cage. Jugular notch Clavicular articulation Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Costal cartilages Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) Anterior view, showing the ribs, costal cartilages, and the sternum False ribs (ribs 8–12) True ribs (ribs 1–7) T Sternum Jugular notch Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Costal cartilages Floating ribs False ribs (8–12) True ribs (1–7) Anterior view of the ribs, sternum, and costal cartilages, shown diagrammatically T 11 T 12 11 10 6 7 8 9 5 4 3 2 1 1

55. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (6-7) 18.The mastoid and styloid processes are found on which skull bone? 19.What bone contains the depression called the sella turcica? What is located in the depression? 20.Which bone of the cranium articulates directly with the vertebral column? 21.During baseball practice, a ball hits Casey in the eye, fracturing bones directly above and below the orbit. Which bones were broken? 22.What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses? 23.Why would a fracture of the coronoid process of the mandible make it difficult to close the mouth?

56. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (6-7) 24.What signs would you expect to see in a person suffering from a fractured hyoid bone? 25.Joe suffered a hairline fracture at the base of the dens. Which bone is fractured, and where would you find it? 26.In adults, five large vertebrae fuse to form what single structure? 27.Why are the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae so large? 28.What are the differences between true ribs and false ribs? 29.Improper administration of CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) could result in a fracture of which bone(s)?

57. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pectoral Girdle (6-8) Connects the upper limbs to the trunk Includes the clavicle and the scapula Clavicle S-shaped bone articulates with manubrium at sternal end and with the acromion process of the scapula

58. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Scapula (6-8) A broad triangular bone with superior, medial, and lateral borders The three tips are the superior, inferior, and lateral angles – Lateral angle, or head of the scapula, has the glenoid cavity Which articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint

59. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Scapula (6-8) Subscapular fossa – A depression in the anterior surface where the subscapularis muscle is attached Coracoid process – The smaller process Posterior and larger is the acromion process – Which articulates with the distal end of the clavicle Scapular spine – Divides the scapula into the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa

60. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-21 The Clavicle. LATERAL Acromial end Facet for articulation with acromion Sternal end MEDIAL

61. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-22 The Scapula. Acromion Coracoid process Superior border Subscapular fossa Lateral border Body Scapular spine Medial border Lateral border Medial border Inferior angle Glenoid cavity Coracoid process Acromion Supraspinous fossa Superior border Coracoid process Acromion Neck Scapular spine Infraspinous fossa Lateral border Posterior view Lateral view Anterior view Body

62. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Upper Limb (6-8) Contains the bones of the arm – The humerus – Proximal area of the limb from the scapula to the elbow Contains the bones of the forearm – The radius and ulna Contains the bones of the wrist and hand – The carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

63. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Humerus (6-8) Proximally, the round head articulates with the scapula Greater tubercle is a rounded projection on lateral surface of head Lesser tubercle lies anteriorly – Is separated from the greater tubercle by the intertubercular groove

64. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Humerus (6-8) The proximal shaft is rounded with deltoid tuberosity along lateral border Distally, the medial and lateral epicondyles project to either side Smooth condyle articulates with radius and ulna Medial trochlea extends from coronoid fossa to olecranon fossa

65. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Humerus (6-8) The capitulum forms the lateral region of the condyle The shallow radial fossa is proximal to the capitulum

66. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-23 The Right Humerus. Greater tubercle Intertubercular groove Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Head Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Groove for radial nerve Shaft Lateral epicondyle Olecranon fossa Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Radial fossa Trochlea CapitulumTrochlea Condyle Anterior surface Posterior surface

67. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Ulna and Radius (6-8) Olecranon process of the ulna is the point of the elbow The trochlear notch articulates with the trochlea of the humerus The coronoid process forms the inferior lip of the notch

68. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Ulna and Radius (6-8) The ulnar shaft ends distally in the short styloid process – Which sits on the distal end of the radius The neck of the radius is between the head and the radial tuberosity Radial head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna Styloid process of radius articulates with wrist

69. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-24 The Right Radius and Ulna. Olecranon Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Ulnar tuberosity Head of radius Neck of radius Radial tuberosity RADIUS ULNA Interosseous membrane ULNA Lateral view of ulna, showing trochlear notch Distal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head Styloid process of ulna Styloid process of radius Anterior view

70. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Bones of the Wrists and Hands (6-8) Carpal bones – The proximal row includes: The scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform bones – The distal row includes: The trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones Five metacarpal bones – Form the palm of the hand and articulate with the phalanges – The pollex is the thumb

71. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-25 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand. ULNA Styloid process of ulna Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Hamate Metacarpal bones RADIUS Styloid process of radius Scaphoid Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Proximal Middle Distal Phalanges I II IIIIV V

72. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pelvic Girdle (6-8) Articulates with the thigh bones – More massive than the pectoral girdle – Firmly attached to the axial skeleton – Consists of two large hip bones or coxal bones – Each a fusion of three bones The ilium, the ischium, and the pubis – Hips articulate with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints, with the femur at the acetabulum

73. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Hip Bone (6-8) The ilium is superior and the largest component – Superior margin forms the iliac crest The ischium has a rough projection – Called the ischial tuberosity or seat bone The ischium branches over to the pubis – Creating the circle of the obturator foramen Pubic bones articulate at the pubic symphysis

74. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Pelvis (6-8) Consists of the hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx – Stabilized by a network of ligaments Differences in the characteristics of the male versus female pelvis – In females, the pelvis is better suited for pregnancy and delivery – Females have a broader lower pelvis, a larger pelvic outlet, and a broader pubic angle

75. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-26 The Pelvis. L Sacrum Ilium Hip bone Ischium Pubis Coccyx Sacroiliac joint 5 Iliac crest Pelvis, anterior view Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen SACRUM ILIUM PUBIS Pubic symphysis ISCHIUM Adult male pelvis, anterior view Ilium Hip bone Pubis Ischium Ischial tuberosity Right hip bone of the pelvis, lateral view

76. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-27 Differences in the Anatomy of the Pelvis in Males and Females. Pelvic outlet, relatively narrow or less Male or more Pelvic outlet, relatively broad Female 90˚ 100˚

77. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Lower Limb (6-8) Contains the bones of the thigh – The femur is the longest bone in the body Contains the patella or kneecap Contains the bones of the leg – The tibia and fibula Contains the bones of the ankle and foot

78. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Femur and Patella (6-8) Greater and lesser trochanters – Extend laterally from neck and shaft Linea aspera – Attachment for adductor muscles Large epicondyles on distal end – Inferior surfaces form lateral and medial condyles The patella is the kneecap, sliding over the anterior surface of the knee joint

79. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-28 The Right Femur. Articular surface of head Greater trochanter Greater trochanter Neck Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Patellar surface Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle Anterior surface Posterior surface Shaft of femur

80. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Tibia (6-8) Larger, medial shin bone with own lateral and medial condyles – That articulate with condyles of femur Anterior margin – Extends down the anterior tibial surface Medial malleolus – A large distal process that articulates with the ankle

81. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Fibula (6-8) Runs parallel and lateral to tibia Articulates with tibia inferior to the lateral tibial condyle Does not articulate with the ankle Lateral malleolus is distal end of fibula Interosseus membrane connects tibia and fibula

82. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-29 The Right Tibia and Fibula. Lateral tibial condyle Head of fibula Medial tibial condyle Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior margin TIBIA FIBULA Lateral malleolus (fibula) Medial malleolus (tibia) Inferior articular surface

83. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Bones of the Ankle and Foot (6-8) Seven ankle or tarsal bones include: – The talus, calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms Only the talus articulates with the tibia and fibula The largest is the calcaneus, or heel bone The metatarsals and phalanges are in the same pattern as in the hand – Big toe is hallux

84. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-30a The Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Cuboid Talus Navicular Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediate Medial Metatarsal bones Hallux Proximal phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges Proximal Middle Distal Superior view, right foot IV V III II I

85. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-30b The Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Medial cuneiform bone Navicular Talus Metatarsal bones Phalanges Medial view, right foot Calcaneus

86. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (6-8) 30.In what way would a broken clavicle affect the mobility of the scapula? 31.The rounded projections on either side of the elbow are parts of which bone? 32.Which of the two bones of the forearm is lateral in the anatomical position? 33.Which three bones make up a hip bone? 34.The fibula neither participates in the knee joint nor bears weight. When it is fractured, however, walking becomes difficult. Why? 35.While jumping off the back steps of his house, 10-year-old Cesar lands on his right heel and breaks his foot. Which bone is most likely broken?

87. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Categories of Joints (6-9) Classified by structure – Based on anatomy of joints – Includes fibrous, cartilaginous (both with limited movement), and synovial (freely movable) Classified by function – Based on range of motion – Includes synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), and diarthrosis (freely movable)

88. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 6-2 A Functional and Structural Classifi cation of Articulations

89. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Immovable Joints or Synarthroses (6-9) Can be fibrous or cartilaginous Sutures of the skull connected with dense connective tissue Gomphosis – A ligament binding each tooth in the socket Synchondrosis – A rigid cartilaginous connection – For example, between the first pair of ribs and the sternum

90. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Freely Movable Joints or Diarthroses (6-9) Synovial joints with a wide range of motion – Usually found at the ends of long bones Ends of bones covered with articular cartilages Surrounded with a fibrous joint capsule – Inner surfaces are lined with the synovial membrane Synovial fluid in the joint reduces friction

91. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Freely Movable Joints or Diarthroses (6-9) Some synovial joints have additional padding – In the form of menisci – For example, in the knee Fat pads can also act as cushions Ligaments join bone to bone – May be found inside and/or outside the joint capsule Bursae are packets of connective tissue containing synovial fluid – They reduce friction and absorb shock

92. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-31 The Structure of Synovial Joints. Marrow cavity Spongy bone Periosteum Fibrous joint capsule Synovial membrane Articular cartilages Joint cavity (containing synovial fluid) Compact bone Bursa Joint capsule Synovial membrane Meniscus Intracapsular ligament Patella Quadriceps tendon Articular cartilage Fat pad Patellar ligament Joint cavity Meniscus Femur Tibia Synovial joint, sagittal sectionKnee joint, sagittal section

93. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (6-9) 36.Name and describe the three types of joints as classified by the amount of movement possible. 37.In a newborn, the large bones of the skull are joined by fibrous connective tissue. Which type of joint are these? These skull bones later grow, interlock, and form immovable joints. Which type of joint are these?

94. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Synovial Joint Movement (6-10) Gliding – When two opposing surfaces slide past each other – For example, the carpal bones Angular movement includes: – Flexion which decreases the angle of two long bones Extension increases the angle – Hip and shoulder flex by moving anteriorly Extend by moving posteriorly – Hyperextension is extension beyond anatomical position

95. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Angular Movement (6-10) Abduction – Moves a limb away from the midline – For example, separating the fingers Adduction – Moves a limb toward the midline – For example, bringing the fingers together Circumduction – Moves the limbs in a loop

96. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-32 Angular Movements. Extension FlexionHyperextension Flexion Extension Flexion Hyperextension Extension Hyper- extension Flexion Abduction Adduction Abduction Adduction Abduction Extension Abduction Adduction Abduction Flexion/extension Abduction/adduction Adduction/abduction Circumduction

97. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-32a Angular Movements. Extension FlexionHyperextension Flexion Extension Flexion Hyperextension Extension Hyper- extension Flexion Extension Flexion/extension

98. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-32b Angular Movements. Abduction Adduction Abduction Adduction Abduction Adduction Abduction/adduction

99. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-32c Angular Movements. AdductionAbduction Adduction/abduction

100. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-32d Angular Movements. Circumduction

101. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Rotational Joint Movements (6-10) Involves turning around the longitudinal axis of the body or limb – For example, turning the head Rotation of the distal end of the radius across the ulna is a form of rotation – Pronation The palm is facing the front and is then rotated to the back – Supination Is the opposite, turning the palm forward

102. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-33 Rotational Movements. Pronation SupinationPronation Supination Medial (internal) rotation Lateral (external) rotation Right rotation Left rotation Head rotation

103. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Special Joint Movements (6-10) Inversion twists the sole of the foot inward Eversion twists it outward Dorsiflexion elevates the sole at the ankle, putting the heel down Plantar flexion is to point the toes Opposition is moving the thumb toward the palm to grasp Reposition returns it from opposition

104. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Special Joint Movements (6-10) Elevation and depression – Occurs when a structure moves superiorly and inferiorly – For example, closing and opening your mandible Lateral flexion – Is a bending of the vertebral column to the side

105. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-34 Special Movements. Eversion Inversion Opposition RetractionProtraction DepressionElevation Lateral flexion Dorsiflexion (flexion at ankle) Plantar flexion (extension at ankle)

106. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Synovial Joints (6-10) Gliding joints – Have flat or slightly curved faces – Movement is slight Hinge joints – Permit angular movement in one plane – Like opening and closing a door Pivot joints – Permit rotation only – Like turning the head or supinating and pronating the palm

107. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Synovial Joints (6-10) Condylar joints – Occur where an oval surface nests with a depression on the other bone Allowing for angular motion in two planes, along or across the length of the oval Saddle joints – Have two bones that each have a concave face on one axis and convex on the other Allowing for circumduction, but not rotation

108. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Synovial Joints (6-10) Ball-and-socket joints – Occur where the end of one bone is a round head that nests within the cup-shaped depression in the other bone – Allow for a wide range of motion – For example, the hip and shoulder joints

109. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-35 Synovial Joints Movement: multidirectional in a single plane Movement: angular in a single plane Movement: rotational in a single plane Movement: angular in two planes Movement: angular in two planes, and circumduction Movement: angular, rotational, and circumduction Gliding joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Condylar joint Saddle joint Ball-and-socket joint Manubrium Clavicle Humerus Ulna Atlas Axis Scaphoid bone Ulna Radius Metacarpal bone of thumb Scapula Humerus SPOTLIGHT FIGURE 6-35 Synovial Joints Trapezium

110. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (6-10) 38.Give the proper term for each of the following types of motion: (a)moving the humerus away from the longitudinal axis of the body, (b)turning the palms so that they face forward, and (c)bending the elbow. 39.Which movements are associated with hinge joints?

111. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Intervertebral Articulations (6-11) From the axis to the sacrum Include gliding joints between the superior and inferior articular processes – And symphyseal joints between the vertebral bodies Separated and padded by intervertebral discs – Made of a tough outer fibrocartilage surrounding a gelatinous core

112. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-36 Intervertebral Articulations. Intervertebral foramen Superior articular facet Posterior ligaments Superior articular process Inferior articular process Intervertebral Disc Inner gelantinous layer Outer fibrocartilage layer Spinal cord Spinal nerve Anterior longitudinal ligament

113. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Shoulder Joint (6-11) Most range of motion of any joint – Therefore, more likely to dislocate Ball-and-socket structure with many bursae Muscles that surround and move the shoulder joint form the rotator cuff PLAY ANIMATION Humerus Circumduction

114. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-37 The Shoulder Joint. Ligaments interconnecting clavicle and scapula Tendon of supraspinatus muscle Acromion Joint capsule Subdeltoid bursa Synovial membrane Humerus Joint capsule Joint cavity Articular cartilages Coracoid process Scapula Clavicle

115. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Elbow Joint (6-11) Hinge joint is found between the humerus and ulna A weak joint is between the humerus and radius Very stable due to interlocking of humerus and ulna Very thick joint capsule and very strong ligaments PLAY ANIMATION Elbow Flexion/Extension

116. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-38 The Elbow Joint. Coronoid fossa Joint capsule Coronoid process Synovial membrane Tendon of biceps brachii Ulna RadiusArticular cartilage Bursa Olecranon Trochlea Triceps tendon Joint capsule Olecranon fossa Humerus

117. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Hip Joint (6-11) Ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the coxal bone Is very dense and strong – Due to extensive joint capsule, supporting ligaments, and strong surrounding muscles

118. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-39 The Hip Joint. Greater trochanter Reinforcing ligaments Joint capsule The hip joint is extremely strong and stable, in part because of the massive joint capsule and surrounding ligaments. Acetabulum Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Joint capsule Fat pad Ligament of the femoral head Joint capsule Femur This sectional view of the right hip shows the structure of the joint and the position of the ligament of the fermoral head.

119. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Knee Joint (6-11) Complex joint between distal femoral and proximal tibial condyles – And between the patella and femur Has multiple joint capsules – And condyles are cushioned by the medial and lateral menisci Multiple ligaments from different angles support the knee – Patella is within quadriceps tendon Patellar ligament links to tibial anterior surface

120. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-40 The Knee Joint. Quadriceps tendon Patella Fibular collateral ligament Patellar ligament Tibia Joint capsule Tibial collateral ligament Anterior view of the right knee joint, superficial layer Patellar surface Posterior cruciate ligament Fibular collateral ligament Lateral meniscus Cut tendon Fibula Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Medial meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Lateral condyle Tibia Deep anterior view of the right knee when flexed

121. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (6-11) 40.Would a tennis player or a jogger be more likely to develop inflammation of the subdeltoid bursa? Why? 41. Daphne falls on her hands with her elbows slightly flexed. After the fall, she can't move her left arm at the elbow. If a fracture exists, which bone is most likely broken? 42.Why is a complete dislocation of the knee joint an infrequent event? 43. What signs would you expect to see in an individual who has damaged the menisci of the knee joint?

122. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Skeletal Support of Other Body Systems (6-12) Balance between bone formation and recycling creates dynamic interactions with other systems – For example, bones: Provide attachments for muscles Interact with cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Are under the control of the endocrine system – Digestive and urinary systems play a role in calcium and phosphate balance

123. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6-41 The skeletal system provides structural support and protection for the body. The skeleton also stores calcium, phosphate, and other minerals necessary for many functions in other organ systems. In addition, the lipids in the yellow marrow serve as an energy reserve and blood cell production occurs in the red marrow. Synthesizes vitamin D 3, essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption (bone maintenance and growth) Provides structural support Body SystemSkeletal System SYSTEM INTEGRATOR Skeletal SystemBody System Integum- entary The SKELETAL System Integumentary (Page 138) Muscular (Page 241) Nervous (Page 302) Endocrine (Page 376) Cardiovascular (Page 467) Lymphatic (Page 500) Respiratory (Page 532) Digestive (Page 572) Urinary (Page 637) Reproductive (Page 671)

124. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Checkpoint (6-12) 44.Describe the functional relationship between the skeletal system and the integumentary system.