1. Fabric Dyeing By: Megan Olson and Mysty Deckard

2. History According to Webster’s dictionary: Dyeing- the process of coloring fibers, yarns or fabrics by using a liquid containing coloring matter for imparting a particular hue to a substance. Three basic methods of “imparting a particular hue” to a substance: 1.Staining an item-temporary coloration without chemical fixation 2.Pigmentation use-color fixed to surface by another adhesive medium 3.True dye- color deposited on substance from a solution containing the colorant (nicDhuinnshleibhe,2000)

3. Types of Fabric Fabrics from Natural Fibers Cotton Fabric Natural fiber that comes from the seedpod of the cotton plant and is used to make many fabric types at every price point. The fiber is hollow in the center and, under the microscope, resembles a twisted ribbon. Silk Fabric The silk fibre is chiefly composed of 80% of fibroin, which is protein in nature and 20% of sericin, which is otherwise called as silk. (Textile School, 2014)

4. Types of Fabric Fabrics from Man-made Fibers Polyester Fabric “long-chain polymers chemically composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester and a dihydric alcohol and a terephthalic acid”. In other words, it means the linking of several esters within the fibers. Reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid results in the formation of esters. Denim Fabric A sturdy cotton twill textile in which weft passes under two or more warp threads. This twill weaving produces the familiar diagonal ribbing of the denim (Textile School, 2014)

5. Experiment One Question: Which type of fabric will be the closest match to the dharma scarlet red? Claim: Cotton will be the closest match to the dharma scarlet red.

6. Materials 100% polyester 100% cotton 100% silk 100% denim Rit Scarlet Red Dye

7. Procedure 1.Plug in the hotplate to an outlet, and turn it on. 2.Heat 2 cups of water to 140  F. 3.Mix package of dye into the heated 2 cups of hot water until fully dissolved. 4.Place the four tubberware containers on the table separate from each other. 5.Measure and pour ¼ cup of the dye water mixture into each tubberware container. 6.Place one of each fabric into the separate tubberware containers. 7.Stir each dye mixture with the fabric strips in it occasionally for 30 minutes. 8.Remove fabric strips from containers and rinse under the water until water runs clear. 9.Place on paper towel to dry 10.Once dry rank fabric from closest to least closest match to the dharma trading die for red scarlet.

8. Evidence and Data 100% Polyester100% Silk100% Cotton100% Denim A4321 B3421 C4312 D4312 E3412 F4312 G4321 H3412 I4312 J3421 K3412 L4312 M3412 N3412 O3412 P3412 Q3412 R4312 S3421 T4312 U3412 V4312 W4321 X3412 Y3421 Z3412 Rate the four fabrics 1-4 from closest to furthest likeness of color, in comparison to the Dharma Trading scale.

9. Pictures PolyesterSilk Before AfterBefore After Cotton Denim Before AfterBefore After

10. Conclusion Our evidence did support our claim.

11. Why???? According to Rit Studio: Rit dyes cotton, silk, wool and rayon best. It does not dye polyester well, but works fine for polyester blends so long as they’re less than 40 percent polyester. (Rit Studio, 2014)

12. Why???? DYES Dyes are fiber-reactive, which means a chemical reaction takes place between the dye and the fabric molecules. The dye bonds with the cotton and becomes part of the fabric. That is why the dyes are so permanent and vibrant even after several washings. (Rit Studio, 2014)

13. Why???? DYES Fiber reactive dyes attach permanently to cellulose fibers using a covalent (electron-sharing) bond. These molecules carry a "chromophore" which absorb varying spectrums of the light, allowing only certain spectrums to reflect. BONDING Covalent bonding is the one of the most basic and strongest types of chemical reactions. This reaction happens gradually over time depending on temperature and/or the Ph level of the surrounding environment. (Dharma Trading,2013)

14. Why??? DYES AND BONDING Of all the synthetic dye options available, Fiber Reactive Dyes are the most permanent type of dyes. These dyes form a covalent bond with the fiber molecule

15. Why??? (Google Images) BONDING (YouTube)

16. So… Cotton is the best fiber for dying with fiber reactive dyes. Due to the chemical bonding that is associated with the dye structure and fibers in cotton.

17. Experiment Two Question: What affect does temperature change of the water have on matching the color to the royal blue on the dharma trading scale? Claim: Hotter temperature water will result in a closer match on the dharma trading scale.

18. Materials 6 Cotton Hanes tanktops Rit liquid dye (royal blue)

19. Procedure 1.Plug in hot plate 2.Fill pan with 1 quart of water 3.Heat water to 140  F 4.Fill three gallon bucket with 1 quart of cold water (77.5  F) 5.Add ten milligrams of the royal blue liquid dye to the cold water in the bucket and mix. 6.Add ten milligrams of the royal blue liquid dye to the hot water in the pan and mix. 7.Place one cotton tank top in each dye mixture. (One in hot water, one in cold water) 8.Stir both the water dye mixtures occasionally for 15 minutes. 9.Lay out three layers of paper towel on the table so you can set the tank tops on them when you remove them. 10.While wearing gloves and using tongs, remove the tank tops from the water and ring out in the sink under cool water until water runs clear. (caution water is hot) 11.Wash and dry the COLD tank separate from the HOT tank. 12.Repeat procedures for two more trials. 13.Bring the tank tops home and wash them thoroughly as well as dry them. 14.Compare each HOT vs. COLD trial to the dharma scale to find the closest match to the royal blue color.

20. Evidence and Data Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3 AHOTCOLDHOT BCOLD HOT C D E COLDHOT F COLDHOT G HCOLD HOT I J COLDHOT In each trial, choose either the COLD or HOT technique is closer in comparison to the Dharma Trading scale.

21. Pictures Trial 1 HOT COLD

22. Pictures Trial 2 HOT COLD

23. Pictures Trial 3 HOT COLD

24. Conclusion Our evidence did support our claim.

25. Why???? Rit dye actually calls for HOT water in their instructions of use. Instructions

26. Why???? The temperature of the water of the dye bath: Too cool: chemical reaction is sluggish Too hot: more of the dye "hydrolyzes", i.e. magnetically attaches to the water molecules and not the fabric, so more dye washes out and doesn't stick. Fiber Reactive MX type dyes require only lukewarm water (~105ºF) and an alkaline environment to bond permanently to cellulose fibers. (Dharma Trading, 2013)

27. So…. Hot water will result in a better color match, but don’t make the temperature too hot.

28. Brands of Dye Rit Dye Tulip Dye

29. Experiment Three Question: Which brand of fabric dye will be the closest match to the dharma violet purple? Claim: Rit fabric dye will be the closest match to the dharma ultra violet?

30. Materials 6 Hanes comfort tank tops (cotton) Rit Dye (Purple) All-purpose concentrated powder Tulip (Purple) Fabric Dye Powder

31. Procedure 1.Plug in the hotplate to an outlet, and turn it on. 2.Heat one gallon of water to 140  F into the pot. 3.Mix package of Rit dye into the heated gallon of hot water until fully dissolved. 4.Place one three pack of Hanes Tagless Comfortsoft tanks into the pot. 5.Stir for twenty minutes. 6.Remove tanks from pot. 7.Rinse the tanks under running water from the sink until water runs clear. 8.Place all tanks in washer and wash for one cycle on the lowest cold setting. 9.After washing one cycle, place in dryer for one cycle. 10.Repeat procedures for Tulip fabric dye. 11.Compare Rit tanks to Tulip tanks to the dharma violet purple scale to find closest match.

32. Evidence and Data Choose between the Rit dyed fabric and the Tulip dyed fabric in comparison to the ultra purple Dharma Trading scale. TULIPRIT AX BX C X DX E X FXX GX HX IX JX

33. Pictures Rit Dye Tulip Dye Pictures are not a great example of the color. In person, it looks much different.

34. Conclusion Our evidence did not support our claim.

35. Why???? Tulip® Permanent Fabric Dye is suitable for all 100% natural fabrics, including cotton, linen, ramie and rayon. Wool, silk and polyester/cotton mixes will dye to lighter shades depending on the percentage of natural fibers. Pure polyester, acrylic, nylon and special finish fabrics are not recommended for dyeing. (ilovetocreate,2013)

36. Why???? Rit Dye Tips: (YouTube)

37. Why???? Rit Dye instructions:

38. Why???? Tulip Dye instructions:

39. Why???? Tulip dye is meant for 100% cotton. And is also a fabric dye that is meant to get you the desired color you want in the fabric. Although Rit dye is a better brand of dye, according to many people, it did not come up with the shade of ultra violet we desired. Rit dye will get you the color violet that the brand says is violet.

40. Best Results for Fabric Dying The best type of fabric to dye is cotton. The best kind of water temperature is hot. The best kind of dye to use is tulip dye, when wanting an ultra violet color.

41. Further Questions What would happen if the instructions were followed exactly as how to product asked for? What does salt, urea, and other substance have in effect to the dyeing comparison? Would time of soaking in dye bath have any effect on the color match quality? If so, how? Would a different desired color result in a different “better” matched dye?

42. Resources Type of fabrics. (2014). TextileSchool.com. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from http://www.textileschool.com/articles/330/type-of-fabricshttp://www.textileschool.com/articles/330/type-of-fabrics How to Dye 101. (n.d.). Rit Studio. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from https://www.ritstudio.com/techniques/the-basics/how-to-dye-101/ https://www.ritstudio.com/techniques/the-basics/how-to-dye-101/ Fiber Reactive Dye. (2013). Dharma Trading Co.. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from http://www.dharmatrading.com/techniques/tiedye/fiber- reactive-dye.html?lnav=techniques_tiedye.htmlhttp://www.dharmatrading.com/techniques/tiedye/fiber- reactive-dye.html?lnav=techniques_tiedye.html iLoveToCreate. (2013). iLoveToCreate. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from http://www.ilovetocreate.com/Tulip-Permanent-Fabric-Dye-11 http://www.ilovetocreate.com/Tulip-Permanent-Fabric-Dye-11 nicDhuinnshleibhe, L. S. (2000, January 1). A BRIEF HISTORY OF DYESTUFFS & DYEING.. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from http://kws.atlantia.sca.org/dyeing.html http://kws.atlantia.sca.org/dyeing.html