1. CHROMIUM By Z.Lookzadeh By Z.Lookzadeh

2. General principles of metal toxicology Physical& chemical characteristics Occupational & environmental exposure Occupational & environmental exposure Absorption, metabolism, excretion Absorption, metabolism, excretion Health effect (acute, chronic) [sign, symptom, physical exam, libratory] Health effect (acute, chronic) [sign, symptom, physical exam, libratory] Specific treatment Specific treatment Health surveillance Health surveillance prevention prevention

3. Physical & chemical characteristics Hard, brittle, gray metal Corrosion resistance Heat stabilizer Pigment – ink, textile, paint

4. Use Corrosion resistance and a shiny Alloys Stainless steels Pigments and preservatives in paints Electroplating Textile, Leather, Rubber, inks Radioisotope, Electrical Orthopedic device

5. Occupational & environmental exposure 1-mine2-painter3-electroplating 4-Stain less steel welders 5-Cement worker 6-textile 7-glass making 8- lithography 9- Dietary intake

6. Absorption, metabolism, excretion Absorption Absorption –Inhalation (mist, dust, fume) –skin –Ingestion metabolism metabolism excretion excretion –urine (nl:<5µg/g cr)

7. Health effect URT (irritant, itching, edema of uvula, coryza,conjunctivial irritation, polyp, epistaxia, perforation) URT (irritant, itching, edema of uvula, coryza,conjunctivial irritation, polyp, epistaxia, perforation) ear & sinus (sinusitis, tympanic perforation) ear & sinus (sinusitis, tympanic perforation) lung (irritant, bronchitis, asthma, cancer ) lung (irritant, bronchitis, asthma, cancer ) skin (ulcer, ACD, vesicle, exema) skin (ulcer, ACD, vesicle, exema) renal (ARF,…) renal (ARF,…) GI GI

8. Specific treatment Acute inhalation injury Acute inhalation injury –admission,O2, bronchodilator ARF ARF –fluid & electrolyte balance Nasal & skin ulceration Nasal & skin ulceration –CaNa2EDTA Allergy Allergy –remove from exposure

9. Health surveillance BASE: BASE:1-HX2-P/E 3-risk factors (asthma, smoke,sensitivity) 4-CXR5-PFT 6-LFT,CBC, Renal test,U/A,BS,ESR

10. Periodic test: Periodic test: Upper test in per year Upper test in per year CXR & cytology after 10 year CXR & cytology after 10 year

11. prevention Substitution Substitution –CrIII for CrVI Engineering control Engineering control –Process enclosure –Local exhaust ventilation Personal Protective Devices Personal Protective Devices Back ground exposure control: Back ground exposure control: –smoking prohibited (in work place) plus ferrous sulfate in cement plus ferrous sulfate in cement