1. 1.Kinetic Stability : probability that an unstable nucleus will decompose into more stable species through radioactive decay. 2.All nuclides with 84 or more protons are unstable and will decay. Light nuclides where Z = A-Z (neutron/proton ratio is 1). Nuclides with even numbers of neutrons and protons are unusually stable. Especially stable nuclides exhibit magic numbers, 2,8,20,28,50,82,126 of neutrons or protons. A nuclide is a unique atom of the type. Alpha decay, emits a NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY: INTRO X A Z He 4 2

2. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY: STABILITY GRAPH 120 110 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 #n 20 p40 p60 p80 p100 p

3. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY: BETA DECAY C 14 6 e  + N 0 7 BETA DECAY 1.THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF THE PRODUCT INCREASES. 2.NUCLIDES ABOVE THE PENNINSULA (ZONE) OF STABILITY DECAY WITH BETA DECAY(SEE GRAPH ON OTHER SLIDE). 3.PENETRATING RADIATION. 4.THE BETA PARTICLE CONES FROM THE DECOMPOSITION OF A NEUTRON TO A PROTON AND BETA PARTICLE. THE BETA PARTICLE IS AN ELECTRON “BORN” IN THE NUCLEUS. 5.BETA DECAY IS SPONTANEOUS, NOTICE ONLY ONE REACTANT. p 1 0 e  + n 0 1 1 BETA PARTICLE

4. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY: ALPHA DECAY U 238 92 Th  + He 234 2 4 90 ALPHA DECAY 1.THE ATOMIC NUMBER OF THE PRODUCT DECREASES BY 2. 2.THE MASS NUMBER OF THE PRODUCT DECREASES BY 4. 3.ALPHA RADIATION IS NON PENETRATING TO HUMAN SKIN, HOWEVER IT CAN BE INGESTED. 4.COMMON MODE OF DECAY FOR HEAVY RADIOACTIVE NUCLIDES. 5.NEUTRON/PROTON RATIO INCREASES. 6.THE ALPHA PARTICLES ARE POSITIVE, THESE HIGH ENERGY He ATOMS HAVE LOST THE ELECTRONS, ARE REPELLED BY POSITIVE ELECTRODES AND ARE AFFECTED BY MAGNETIC FIELDS. 7.ALPHA DECAY IS SPONTANEOUS. ALPHA PARTICLE

5. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY: POSITRON EMISSION Na 22 11 Ne  + e 22 +1 0 10 POSITRON EMISSION 1.DECAY MODE FOR NUCLIDES BELOW ZONE OF STABILITY. 2.CHANGES A PROTON TO A NEUTRON. 3.PRODUCT HAS A HIGHER NEUTRON TO PROTON RATIO. 4.THE POSITRON IS THE ANTIPARTICLE TO AN ELECTRON THE REACTION OF A POSITRON WITH A BETA PARTICLE PRODUCES GAMMA RADIATION. POSITRON e +1 0 e 0 +  GAMMA 0 0

6. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY: ELECTRON CAPTURE Hg 201 80 Au + e 201 0 79 ELECTRON CAPTURE 1.AN INNER SHELL ELECTRON IS CAPTURED BY THE NUCLEUS. INNER ORBITAL SHELL ELECTRON 0  + GAMMA 0

7. FISSION FISSION IS WHERE A LARGE NUCLEOUS IS BOMBARDED BY A SMALL PARTICLE AND THE LARGER NUCLEUS BREAKES DOWN INTO MORE STABLE SMALLER NUCLEII. HERE THE UNSTABLE LARGE NUCLEUS IS URANIUM-235 AND THE BOMBARDMENT PARTICLE IS A NEUTRON. NOTICE YOU GET MORE BOMBARDMENT NEUTRONS THAN YOU PUT IN ENOURMOUS QUANTITIES OF ENERGY IS RELEASED