1. Plate Tectonics
Earth’s Structure by Brainpop
Geological Changes—3:25

2. Looking at the world map, what do you notice about the shape of the continents?
Jot down your ideas on your paper…

3. The thing is…the world didn’t always look like this
The thing is…the world didn’t always look like this! It used to look like this:

4. During its early years, the earth's outer layer was much hotter than it is today. Over time, the surface of the earth cooled and hardened. Cracks formed in the hardened surface, creating huge plates of rock. 

7. Plate Tectonics Theory
The lithosphere is divided into a number of large and small plates and the plates are floating on the mantle

8. Lithosphere = the Earth’s crust plus the upper portion of the mantle layer

10. Where the edges of those plates meet, the huge slabs bash into each other, grinding, rumpling, scraping, and generally shoving each other around. We experience the more dramatic of these encounters as earthquakes

14. How is this possible?!?!?

15. Plate motion based on The Global Positioning System (GPS)

16. Divergent Boundaries Create Different Shapes on Earth

17. Plate Boundaries
Divergent boundary:
Plates are moving away from each other
Midocean ridges are created and new ocean floor plates are created

18. Plate Boundaries Divergent boundary:

19. Leif the Lucky Bridge Bridge between continents in Reykjanes peninsula, southwest Iceland across the Alfagja rift valley, the boundary of the Eurasian and North American continental tectonic plates.

20. Divergent Boundary
Although the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is mostly an underwater feature, portions of it have enough elevation to extend above sea level. The section of the ridge which includes the island of Iceland is also known as the Reykjanes Ridge. The average spreading rate for the ridge is about 2.5 cm per year.[
 It is estimated that the Atlantic Ocean sea floor expands at a rate of 0.5 to 4 inches annually

21. Divergent Boundary Mountain Ranges By length
Mid-Atlantic Ridge - 65,000 km (40,389 mi)[1]
Andes - over 7,000 km (4,350 mi)
Rocky Mountains - 4,800 km (2,983 mi)
Great Dividing Range - 3,700 km (2,299 mi)
Transantarctic Mountains - 3,500 km (2,175 mi)
Himalayas - approximately 2,400 km (1,491 mi)

22. Divergent Boundary
Rock outcrop in Iceland, a visible surface feature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Easternmost edge of the North American plate. It is a popular destination for tourists in Iceland.

23. Divergent Boundary Animation
During an earthquake at a divergent fault line, tectonic plates separate. In many cases, magma rises from the mantle to fill in the gap or one plate slide down to fill in the space. These types of earthquakes usually occur in the ocean.

24. Convergent Boundaries Create Different Shapes on Earth
Plates Collide

25. Convergent Boundary: plates are moving toward each other and are colliding

26. Convergent Boundary
Plates collide. One plate pushes under the other.

27. Convergent Boundaries in Oceans
When two ocean plates collide: Produces trenches. Ocean trenches are deep valleys in the ocean floor.
The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the world's oceans, and the lowest elevation of the surface of the Earth's crust.

28. Convergent Boundaries in Oceans
The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the world's oceans, and the lowest elevation of the surface of the Earth's crust.
If Mount Everest, the highest mountain on Earth at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), was set in the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, there would be 2,062 metres (6,765 ft) of water left above it.

29. When ocean plates collide with other ocean plates
In addition to trenches, ocean plates collide and can produce volcanic islands.

32. Convergent Boundaries with Continents
The ocean plate and continental plate collides. The ocean plate moves underneath the continental plate.
This forces the land above to form a mountain range.

33. Convergent Boundaries with Continents
Mountain ranges are created
(example: Himalayan Mountains)

34. Himalayan Mountains
Mountains 2:46

35. Convergent Boundaries Creates Different Shapes on Earth
Examples
the collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate that is forming the Himalayas.
northern part of the Pacific Plate and the NW North American Plate that is forming the Aleutian Islands.
the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate to form the Andes.
the Pacific Plate beneath the Australian Plate, and vice versa forming the complex New Zealand to New Guinea
collision of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate formed the Pontic Mountains in Turkey.
Mariana Trench

36. Transform Boundaries Create Different Shapes on Earth

37. Transform Plate Boundary
The plates may move in opposite directions or in the same directions but at different rates and frequent earthquakes are created (example: San Andreas Fault)

38. Transform Plate Boundary
Transform Plate Boundaries are locations where two plates slide past one another. The fracture zone that forms a transform plate boundary is known as a transform fault. Most transform faults are found in the ocean

39. Transform Plate Boundary

40. Transform Plate Boundary San Andreas Fault
The San Andreas fault is the 800 mile long boundary between the Pacific and North American Plates. It is the main fault of an intricate network of faults spanning the California coastal region. At its deepest, the San Andreas extends 10 miles beneath the ground.

41. Transform Plate Boundary
The San Andreas fault is a right-lateral transform fault meaning that if one was to stand on one side of the fault and look across to the other, the opposite site would appear to move to the right. This means the Pacific Plate is moving northward while the North American Plate is moving southward.

42. Plate Tectonics Theory

43. Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics Map - Plate Boundary Map

44. So is the Earth getting bigger?No
Transform boundaries neither create nor destroy lithosphere
Land is created with divergent boundaries but is destroyed with convergent boundaries.

45. How can Oreos model the plate boundaries?
Very carefully, take just the top cookie off the Oreo.
Break the top cookie into 2 equal halves.
Replace the cookie halves back on the Oreo
Using the cookie,
Demonstrate a transform fault boundary
Demonstrate a divergent plate boundary
Demonstrate a convergent plate boundary

47. So how do the continents move?

48. Ocean floors are moving like broad conveyor belts
Seafloor Spreading Theory:
Ocean floors are moving like broad conveyor belts

49. New ocean floor crust is being created at the midocean ridges

50. What causes this? Convection currents within the mantle
The up-welling leg of the current creates a divergent boundary which produces midocean ridges

51. Convection Current Demo

52. The down-welling leg of the current creates one type of convergent boundary that results in trenches and a subduction zone

53. What evidence do we have to support this idea?
Midocean ridges are warmer than surrounding ocean floors
Active volcanoes on ridges, earthquakes on ridges
Midocean ridge rocks are younger than surrounding ocean floor rocks
Midocean ridge volcanoes are younger than volcanoes further away

54. What evidence do we have to support this idea?
Ocean floor sediments are thin on the ridges and get thicker as the distance from the ridges increase
Polar reversal magnetism proves that the ocean floor is moving away from the ridges

55. Speed of Spreading Atlantic Ocean – 2-3 cm/year
South Pacific Ocean – cm/year

56. Seafloor Spreading The Seafloor is Spreading Clip—4:01
How Earth’s Structure Affects Plate Tectonics—5:43

57. Continental Drift Theory
The continents have shifted their position over geologic time

58. At one time all land masses were connected into one piece called Pangaea
Continental Drift Theory 3—2:21

59. Pangaea began to split apart 200 million years ago Diagram
North America
Laurasia Greenland
Eurasia
Pangaea
Africa
West G. S.America
Gondwanaland
Antarctica
East G. Australia
India
Pangaea—A History of the Continents: 2:23

60. The First Continents 4:57

61. USGS Plate Motions Clip

62. Continents
The continents are like packages on the seafloor conveyor belt

64. Evidence
High percentage fit of continents at the 500 fathom level

65. Evidence
Minerals, fossils, and mountains on now different continents match if the continents were together
The Mystery of Brachiosaurus (~3 min)

67. Evidence
Glaciation patterns indicate a common ice cap at the South Pole

68. Evidence
Paleomagnetism (magnetism of old rocks) indicate a common pole if the continents were all connected

70. Plate Tectonics 2 –4:22

71. Plate Tectonics by Brainpop