1. Cosmology with Supernovae Bruno Leibundgut European Southern Observatory

2. Outline Systematics of Type Ia Supernovae The Hubble diagram of Type Ia Supernovae From distances to acceleration The equation of state parameter

3. The principle Establish a cosmological distance indicator in the local universe (z<0.05) custom yardstick (e.g. Cepheids, SNe II, Tully-Fisher relation, fundamental plane relation, surface brightness fluctuations) standard candles (e.g. SN Ia) Measure objects at cosmological distances establish identity of distance indicator control measurement errors evolution (primary and secondary) interstellar and intergalactic dust gravitational lensing

4. The experiment Establish a cosmological distance indicator in the local universe (z<0.05) Type Ia Supernovae can be normalised through their light curves (102 objects)  excellent distance indicators (Phillips 1993, Hamuy et al. 1996, Riess et al. 1996, 1998, 1999, Perlmutter et al. 1997, Phillips et al. 1999, Suntzeff et al. 1999, Jha et al. 1999, 2003) Measure objects at cosmological distances 77 distant SNe Ia (0.3<z<1.0) published (Garnavich et al. 1998, Riess et al. 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1997, 1999, Tonry et al. 2003, Suntzeff et al. 2003, Jha et al. 2003, Leibundgut et al. 2003) evolution  light curve shapes, colours, spectroscopy dust  colours, spectroscopy gravitational lensing  difficult, need mapping of light beam

5. Steps in the analysis Accurate photometry Secure classification Light curve Normalisation Distances Cosmological parameters Cosmological implications  photometric system  spectroscopy  photometry, epoch, K-corrections  light curves, colours  local calibration  luminosity distances  cosmological models

7. The nearby SN Ia sample Evidence for good distances

8. SN 1994D

9. Classification Establish an object as a Type Ia Supernova spectral evolution of supernovae Leibundgut and Sollerman 2001 Coil et al. 2000 Tonry et al. 2003

10. Classification Establish an object as a Type Ia Supernova spectral evolution of supernovae Determine the supernova redshift often done from galaxy lines (emission and absorption) (Ångstrom) H Ca II K

11. Light Curves Determine the maximum for the distance determination K-corrections – based on spectral series from nearby supernovae light curve fitting –light curve shape – luminosity correlation

12. Light Curves Determine the maximum for the distance determination K-corrections – based on spectral series from nearby supernovae light curve fitting –light curve shape – luminosity correlation

13.  m 15 relation Phillips (1993), Hamuy et al. (1996), Phillips et al. (1999) MLCS Riess et al. (1996, 1998), Jha et al. (2003) stretch Perlmutter et al. (1997, 1999), Goldhaber et al. (2001) MAGIC Wang et al. (2003) Light curve shape – luminosity

14. Altavilla, Thesis

15. The magic of the light curve shapes Goldhaber et al. 2001

16. BVIBVI The SN Ia luminosity can be normalised Bright = slow Dim = fast Riess et al. 1996

17. SN Ia Correlations Luminosity vs. decline rate Phillips 1993, Hamuy et al. 1996, Riess et al. 1996, 1998, Perlmutter et al. 1997, Goldhaber et al. 2001 Luminosity vs. rise time Riess et al. 1999 Luminosity vs. color at maximum Riess et al. 1996, Tripp 1998, Phillips et al. 1999 Luminosity vs. line strengths and line widths Nugent et al. 1995, Riess et al. 1998, Mazzali et al. 1998 Luminosity vs. host galaxy morphology Filippenko 1989, Hamuy et al. 1995, 1996, Schmidt et al. 1998, Branch et al. 1996

18. SN Ia Correlations Drell et al. 2000 Riess et al. 1998 Phillips et al. 1999 Perlmutter et al. 1997

19. SN Ia Correlations Leibundgut 2000

20. Testing the SNe Ia as distance indicators Hubble diagram of SNe Ia in the local, linear expansion, Hubble flow Calibration through “primary” distance indicators Theoretical models

21. The nearby SN Ia sample Tonry et al. 2003 z<0.1 102 SNe Ia

22. Absolute Magnitudes of SNe Ia Saha et al. 1999

23. Almost there … sufficient photometry –several filters –accurate galaxy subtraction (templates) (positive) classification redshift determination K-corrections light curve fitting/normalisation It’s now time to plot the distances vs. the redshifts for the distant SNe Ia as well Assume you have done:

24. Tonry et al. 2003 Supernova cosmology

25. Starting from Einstein’s Field equation

26. Friedmann cosmology Assumption: homogeneous and isotropic universe Null geodesic in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric:

27. Cosmology in the Hubble diagram

29. 209 SN Ia and medians Tonry et al. 2003

30. Distant SNe Ia Distant objects appear fainter than their nearby counterparts This is a 2.5  result (High-z SN Team and Supernova Cosmology Project) evolution dust cosmology Checks: Dust observations over many filters Evolution spectroscopy Cosmology more distant SNe Ia

31. 79 SNe Ia Cosmology Leibundgut 2001 H 0 =63 km s -1 Mpc -1 Tonry et al. 2003 155 SNe Ia

32. SN Ia and 2dF constraints KP: h = 0.72 ± 0.08 2dF:  M =0.2±0.03 Tonry et al. 2003

33. Is dust a problem? Falco et al. 1999 Is evolution a problem? Leibundgut 2001

34. Absorption distributions

35. SNe Ia in elliptical galaxies Determination of host galaxy morphologies 38 SNe Ia from the SCP sample Sullivan et al. 2003

36. Modified Hubble diagram Supernova Cosmology Project Sample Sullivan et al. (2003)  M =0.28;   =0.72 Sullivan et al. 2003

37. SN Ia Systematics? Explosions not fully understood many possible models –Chandrasekhar-mass models –deflagrations vs. detonations Progenitor systems not known white dwarfs yes, but … –double degenerate vs. single degenerate binaries  Evolution very difficult to control

38. Is  real? 3(age of the universe) 3(CMB and cluster masses) 3(inflation) >evolution >dust >gravitational lensing >selection biases >inhomogoneities >changing constants (G, , c) >particle physics YES NO

39. Nature of the Dark Energy? Currently four proposals: cosmological constant

40. Nature of the Dark Energy? Currently four proposals: cosmological constant quintessence –decaying particle field –signature: –equation of state parameter with leaking of gravity into a higher dimension phantom energy  leads to the Big Rip

41. On to new physics? All proposed solutions would require additions beyond the current standard model of physics. Type Ia Supernovae can distinguish between those possibilities required is a large homogeneous set (about 200) of distant (0.2 < z < 0.8) supernovae

42. General luminosity distance with and  M = 0 (matter)  R =  (radiation)   = -1 (cosmological constant) The equation of state parameter 

43. w Garnavich et al. 1998

44. SN Ia and 2dF constraints KP: h = 0.72 ± 0.08 Quintessence Cosmic strings Cosmological constant 2dF:  M h = 0.2 ± 0.03 Tonry et al. 2003

46. Summary Supernovae measure distances over a large cosmological range They are complementary to the CMB measurements in that they can measure the dynamics of the cosmic expansion  map the cosmological expansion SNe Ia indicate accelerated expansion for the last 6 Gyr There are indications that the accelerations turns into a deceleration at z>1 (>8 Gyr) dynamic age of the universe H 0 t 0 =0.95±0.04 (13 Gyr for H 0 =72 km s -1 Mpc -1 ; 15 Gyr for H 0 =64 km s -1 Mpc -1 )

47. Summary (Problems) Supernova systematics unknown explosion mechanism unknown progenitor systems light curve shape correction methods for the luminosity normalisation (SCP vs. HZT) signatures of evolution in the colours? spectroscopy?

48. The Future Future experiments will distinguish between a cosmological constant or quintessence ESSENCE, CFHT Legacy Survey, VST, VISTA, NGST, LSST, SNAP Systematic uncertainties depend on our understanding of the supernovae nearby samples, explosion models, radiation hydrodynamics

49. There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for, and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarrely inexplicable. There is another theory which states that this has already happened. Douglas Adams

50. SN Ia constraints