1. Cell Theory

2. Robert Hooke (1663)- Discovered cells –Used light microscope to look at cork –Noticed tiny compartments which he called cells Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673) –Observed living cells in pond water, animalcules, which were protists

3. Cell Theory Matthais Schleiden (1838) - concluded all plants are made up of cells Theodor Schwann (1839) -concluded that all animals are also made up of cells. Rudolf Virchow (1855) - proposed that new cells are formed only from existing cells

4. Cell Theory Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow observations led to the cell theory All living things composed of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for living things All cells come from pre-existing cells

5. Cells Tissues Organs Organ system

6. 2 Classes of cells

7. Prokaryote Unicellular No nucleus or organelles –DNA and RNA float in cell 1-10 micrometers in size (smaller) Ex: Bacteria

9. Eukaryote Unicellular and Multicellular Nucleus with a membrane Organelles with membranes 10-100 micrometers (larger) Ex: protists, fungi, plants, animals

12. Eukaryote

13. Prokaryote

14. Prokaryote (E. coli)

15. Prokaryote

16. Eukaryote (cheek cells)

17. Eukaryote

18. Prokaryote

19. Eukaryote

22. Prokaryote

24. Cell Structure and Function

25. Nucleus- - contains DNA - directs activities of cell Nuclear Envelope - membrane surrounding the nucleus - tiny pores Nucleolus- - rich in RNA - makes organelles called ribosomes

26. Cell Structures and Function Cytoplasm - holds organelles Cytosol-gelatin-like aqueous fluid Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) - keep functions of eukaryotic cells organized - regulate transport of substances in and out of cell - composed of proteins and lipids

27. Cell Structure and Function Ribosome -made of proteins and RNA -Found on membranes or in cytoplasm -Produce proteins

28. Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) – 2 membranes –Intercellular highway –Rough ER- ribosomes bound to outside Packages proteins in vesicles for export –Smooth ER- builds different enzymes to enable organelles to perform functions

30. Cell Structure and Function 6. Golgi Apparatus- vesicles of ER travel here - modifies/stores/routes proteins and other chemical products to their next destination - 1 side receiving dock – refine and modify ER product - 1 side shipping side- sends vesicles to other locations

31. Cell Structure and Function 7.Vacuoles- large membrane bound sacs - Stores undigested nutrients - Helps get rid waste - In plant- larger in plants that animals - contains colorful pigments - stores chemicals/ contributes to growth 8.Lysosomes- contain digestive enzymes to break down substances - digest nutrients to nourish cell - help destroy harmful bacteria - engulfs and digests damaged organelles

32. Cell Structure and Function 9. Mitochondria- produces energy for cell through cellular respiration -ATP- main energy source - Consists of outer and inner membrane -Cristae- inner membrane, many folds - Folds increase surface area= increased respiration sites= increased ATP

34. Cell Structure and Function Cytoskeleton- network of long protein strands in the cytosol Microfilaments- actin molecules linked in a polymer chain Microtubules- large strands with hollow tubes

35. Cell Structure and Function Flagella- long, thin, whip like structures that project from cell - allow movement with “S” shaped motion Cilia- short and numerous - back and forth motion for movement

36. Plant Cell Cell Wall – Outside plasma membrane - protects/maintains shape - Only in plants Chloroplast- Photosynthetic organelles found in plant and algae cells –Outer membrane –Inner membrane(Stroma) - fluid filled space with suspended disks –Disks (Thykaloids)- structures that trap light energy and convert to chemical energy.

38. Membranes

39. Composed of lipids and proteins phospholipid bilayer 2 Tails- Hydrophobic Head- Hydrophilic Selectively Permeable-some substances ca n cross and others cannot Barrier for substances

40. Cell Membrane Peripheral proteins- proteins on the exterior or interior of the membrane Integral proteins- proteins embedded in the bilayer Function of Membrane Proteins –Help communicate with other cells –Transport substances across membrane –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULR79TiUj 80&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULR79TiUj 80&feature=related

41. Cell Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model- substances scattered through out membrane, can move around

42. Passive Transport No energy is used Diffusion-Net movement of particles in a concentrated area to a less concentrated area to be equal –Molecules that can dissolve in lipids and are small Concentration Gradient-difference in concentrations of molecules across space Equilibrium- concentration of molecules is the same throughout space

43. Diffusion

44. Passive Transport Osmosis- transport of water across membrane from a high concentration to a lower concentration –Hypertonic- higher concentration of solute outside the cell –Hypotonic-lower concentration of solute outside cell –Isotonic-concentration of solute equal

46. Passive Transport Plasmolysis- hypertonic solution –Cells may shrivel and die –Occurs in plant cells, wilt if they don’t receive water. –cytoplasm shrinks away from cells wall –Turgor pressure is lost Pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

47. Passive Transport Cytolysis- hypotonic environment Water diffuses into the cells causing them to swell and burst

48. Passive Transport Facilitated diffusion- Transport proteins provide pathway for certain molecules to pass Carrier proteins- transport the molecules http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/BI12/unit4/U0 4L03/diffusion.swfhttp://www.coolschool.ca/lor/BI12/unit4/U0 4L03/diffusion.swf Ion Channels- channels that allow ions ti pass Ex. sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride ions

50. Active Transport Uses energy to move molecules across membrane Specific transport protein pumps solute across a membrane in opposite direction it travels in diffusion Energy supplied by mitochondria Carrier proteins that act as pumps

51. Active Transport Sodium Potassium Pump –Na+ binds to carrier protein inside cell –Carrier protien splits Phosphate group from molecule of ATP and phosphate group binds ATP supplies energy needed to reshape protein –With new shape moves Na+ outside cell, and the shape is perfect to bind for K+ –Repeats

53. Vesicles Vesicles- small membrane sacs for moving product in, out, and within cell. Exocytosis- vesicles exports product from cells –Fuses out Endocytosis- vesicle take material into cell –Buds inward –Pinocytosis- transports of solutes or fluids –Phagocytosis-movement of large particles of whole cells –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gLtk8Yc1Zc&feat ure=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gLtk8Yc1Zc&feat ure=related

55. Cell Structure and Function Cytoskeleton- Network of fibers within cytoplasm (2 fibers) –Microtubules- straight hollow tubes of protein –Give Rigidity, shape, and organization to cell –Microfilaments- thinner solid rods of proteins –Enable the cell to move and change shape