1. AP Biology Discussion Notes Monday 1/25/2016

2. WELCOME BACK! You may choose your seat

3. Semester 2 AP BIOLOGY DNA Structure & Function –DNA replication, Protein synthesis Gene Activity & Biotechnology –(Genetics & Inheritance) Diversity & Organisms Ecology & Evolution –Animal behavior, community & population Ecology

4. We’ll learn: How to decode the code of all living things How to bring extinct animals back from the dead (and discuss whether we should)! How to stop smugglers Discuss why & how “3-person babies” are being made & “1-person” babies – cloning. Learn how to & then do DNA fingerprinting Learn how to & then do genetic modification of an organism to give an organism new traits Basics & Applications of Individual & Population Genetics & Genetic Disorders

5. Things to think about: 1.Look over material before the next class –Write down thoughts, connections or questions 2.Read the chapter –even when not “assigned” 3.Watch Videos about topics –even when not assigned 4.Start reviewing topics from last semester –Tie them to topics this semester and write down connections or questions 5.ASK QUESTIONS

6. PANIC now and avoid the rush!

7. AP BIO TEST May 9 th

8. Goals for Today Be able to name the scientists that helped build our knowledge of DNA and be able to describe their contributions Be able to discuss how scientific understanding is built Be able to list or understand the contributions of less known scientists Be name the 3 basic components of DNA

9. QoD Reminders: Each day in class I will put up a question of the day. Students will be responsible for writing the question & their best answer. After each student has answered the question on their own we will discuss it as a class QODs will be collected before each test for points!!!

10. Question of the Day 1/25 What is DNA? Write your thoughts down, and what you know about it, you don’t have to be sure you are correct!

11. How long have we known what was the genetic material? (What molecules allow us to inherit similarities and characteristics from our parents?)

12. 3 likely candidates DNA RNA Protein

13. What do we know about the relationship between DNA & Protein? DNA RNA Protein

15. Griffith’s Experiments (1928 – publication) Griffith discovered that harmless bacteria could turn virulent when mixed with bacteria that cause disease. A bacteria that is virulent is able to cause disease. Griffith had discovered what is now called transformation, a change in genotype caused when cells take up foreign genetic material.

17. Oswald Avery’s Experiments (1930 – 1944) Series of experiments showed that the activity of the material responsible for transformation is not affected by protein- destroying enzymes. The activity is stopped, however, by a DNA-destroying enzyme. Thus, almost 100 years after Mendel’s experiments, Oswald Avery and his co-workers demonstrated that DNA is the material responsible for transformation NOT protein.

18. DNA or Proteins? Even after Avery’s experiments it was not widely accepted that DNA was the genetic material, but this line of research did spark a race of sorts to figure out more about the physical structure of DNA

19. Avery’s Experiment

21. DNA or Proteins? Even after Avery’s experiments it was not widely accepted that DNA was the genetic material, but this line of research did spark a race of sorts to figure out more about the physical structure of DNA

22. DNA Nucleotide – a nucleotide is the three component parts together Phosphate Group N Nitrogenous base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, or Thymine) Sugar (deoxyribose)

23. Erwin Chargaff Chargaff’s research analyzed the amount of each nitrogen base in different organisms Humans Adenine= 30.4% E. coli Adenine = 24.7%

24. Erwin Chargaff Chargaff’s research determined that in DNA there were always equal parts Adenine = Thymine As well as equal parts Cytosine = Guanine

25. Erwin Chargaff Chargaff’s research determined that in DNA there were always equal parts Humans Adenine = 30% Humans Thymine = ? Humans Guanine = ? Humans Cytosine = ?

26. One more for practice… If you have a species with 35% Cytosine what percentage of the other base pairs would there be? –A- –G- –T-

27. Base Pairing Purines: Pyrimidines: Purine - Pyrimidine

28. Base Pairing Look carefully— Why can A only pair with T and C can only pair with G???

29. Base Pairing Which pairs would come apart more easily? (Take less _______ to pull apart)

30. Base Pairing Which DNA strand would come apart at a lower temperature? 1.25% Adenine 2. 45% Adenine

31. DNA’s Role Revealed In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used the bacteriophage (__________) to prove that DNA carried genetic material. A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria.

32. Life Cycle of a virus (bacteriophage)

33. Hershey & Chase use viruses to prove DNA is the genetic material

35. Still needed to know the structure! What is the structure of DNA? Who discovered the structure of DNA?

36. DNA is shaped like a double helix (a twisted ladder) This shape was discovered by two scientists: James Watson & Francis Crick

37. Scientific Knowledge Scientific knowledge and discovery is always built on what we already know, past discovery & knowledge Were Watson & Crick the only ones responsible for discovering the structure of the DNA molecule?

38. Who is Rosalind Franklin?

39. Secret of Photo 51 Initial Thoughts & Questions What is the climate like for women in the 1940s? Historical Treatment of Minorities What was her first nickname? Why was it so bad?

40. Discovery of DNA’s Structure Secret of Photo 51 Video

41. Secret of Photo 51 Thoughts & Questions? Time to reflect maybe on how we “other people” Are there people that you don’t treat well? What do you do when people around you are not acting respectfully?

42. Discovery of DNA’s Structure Secret of Photo 51 Video

43. ASSIGNMENT DUE TOMORROW Set 2 goals for the quarter List 3 ways you can help yourself to achieve each goal