1. Print Reading for Industry BRX 210 – Module 1
Unit 13 – Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)

2. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing
GD&T is an advanced system of print annotation…
Modifiers
That specifies the geometry of parts (circular)
Datum identifiers
Feature control frames
Control symbols

3. Learning Objectives
Describe the purpose and objectives of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T).
Identify current and former ASME Y14.5 symbols used in GD&T.
Define terms related to GD&T.
Explain the purpose and function of datums.
Identify proper datum identification techniques on a print.

4. Learning Objectives
Explain basic dimensions as featured in drawings that use GD&T methods.
Read and interpret the use of modifiers as they apply to basic GD&T applications.
Read and interpret basic applications of feature control frames for each of the GD&T control symbols. Explain how composite tolerances are applied in a basic GD&T application.

5. The “Boxes” of GD&T
Basic dimension

6. The “Boxes” of GD&T
Datum identification symbol and feature control frame

7. The “Boxes” of GD&T
Feature control frame

8. GD&T Controls
There are 14 geometric controls available

9. Datum Identification
Datum identification symbols specify parts of the object to be used as references

10. Basic Dimensions
Basic dimensions are indicated by a value inside of a box
They are theoretically exact
The tolerance is usually found in a feature control frame
Tolerance may also be determined by a gage maker or machinist

11. Basic Dimensions

12. Feature Control Frames
Feature control frames may be rather simple, but may also be complex
They may include up to three datum references
They may also include material condition modifiers

13. Feature Control Frames

14. Datum Reference Framework
A datum reference framework is necessary for checking certain geometric characteristics

15. Datum Targets
Datum targets can be used as a more precise way of establishing a datum plane or axis

16. Additional GD&T Concepts
Size feature: Feature of the object that has a center axis or center plane, such as a hole or slot
Material condition modifiers: Size features can be modified for bonus tolerance based on a feature’s departure from MMC or LMC

17. Additional GD&T Concepts
MMC: Maximum material condition
LMC: Least material condition
Bonus tolerance: Additional tolerance received based on a feature’s material condition; also available as datum features vary

18. Bonus Tolerance Applied
In these examples, a bonus tolerance is given as the controlled-size feature departs from MMC
The datum setup is also flexible, as long as the setup is within the datum feature MMC

19. Straightness
Regardless of any datum surface, elements of the feature must be straight

20. Flatness
Regardless of any datum surface, elements of the feature must fall between two planes (must be flat)

21. Roundness (Circularity)
Regardless of any datum reference, elements of the feature at any given cross section must be round

22. Cylindricity
Regardless of any datum reference, elements of the feature must be cylindrical

23. Parallelism
With respect to a datum reference, elements of the feature must be parallel to the datum

24. Perpendicularity
With respect to a datum reference, elements of the feature must be perpendicular to the datum

25. Angularity
With respect to a datum reference, elements of the feature must be oriented at a specified angle to the datum

26. Profile of a Line
With respect to datum references, 2D elements of the feature must fall within a specified profile zone

27. Profile of a Surface
With respect to datum references, 3D elements of the feature must fall within a specified profile zone

28. Circular Runout
With respect to a datum axis, circular elements of the feature must not exceed the specified dial indicator movement

29. Total Runout
With respect to a datum axis, all elements of the total feature must not exceed the specified dial indicator movement

30. True Position
With respect to a datum reference framework, all features must be located within specified tolerance zones

31. Symmetry
With respect to a datum center plane, all features are symmetrical (balanced on each side), regardless of feature size

32. Concentricity
With respect to a datum center axis, all features are balanced about the axis, regardless of feature size

33. Composite Tolerancing
A pattern of holes may have a composite tolerance
This allows the pattern to be more tightly controlled with respect to its members than to the general datum reference framework

34. Composite Tolerancing

36. What is the objective of GD&T?
To control the quality of mass-produced parts by specifying the preciseness of the geometry.

37. What does the symbol  mean?
It specifies perpendicularity, which means the feature must be perpendicular to the specified datum within the given tolerance.

38. What does an encircled M mean?
It specifies the condition must exist at the maximum material condition.

39. What symbol is used to specify regardless of feature size?
In current standards, there is no symbol for RFS because it is assumed unless otherwise specified. In older standards, RFS was indicated by an encircled S.

40. What is a size feature and how does it differ from a feature?
A feature is a physical portion of a part. A size feature is simply a feature with a center plane or center axis.

41. What are datums and what is the datum reference framework?
Datums are points, axes, or planes assumed to be exact for the purpose of references. The datum reference framework consists of three mutually perpendicular planes that represent features important to the design of the part.

42. If a datum symbol appears on the leader dimensioning the diameter of a hole, what type of datum is specified?
An axis datum

43. What is the purpose of a basic dimension?
It is considered theoretically exact

44. If flatness of .003 is specified for a surface, what does this mean?
All elements of the surface must fall within a zone defined by two parallel planes .003 apart.

45. How is a composite tolerance identified on a drawing?
The feature control frame has two layers, one below the other, usually with a single geometric characteristic specified.