3. Cardio pulmonary Circulation

4. Cardiopulmonary arrest simply means that the arrest of the functions of the heart (cardio) and lungs. Its due to :- Stroke Drug overdose Heart attack Near drowning Choking Blood loss Electric shocks Carbon monoxide poisoning…etc

5. In a heart attack, something like a blood clot obstructs one of your coronary arteries and cuts off blood flow to your heart.

6. Contd…. A heart attack, for example, can damage the heart muscle and impede (obstruct) its ability to vigorously contract, resulting in cardiopulmonary arrest. The heart is a muscular organ that expands and contracts under the electrical control of a special group of pace making cells. The pumping action of the heart pushes blood teeming with oxygen and other nutrients out to the rest of your body.blood

7. Contd…. If heart beat is improper or stops, blood supply to the body gets minimized, and oxygen and other vital nutrients supply to the tissues and organs (including your heart)also will be minimized. With no energy to power the body, vital organs like heart and lungs stop working, and the individuals are in a state of cardiopulmonary arrest.

10. Check for DANGER Check for responsiveness. Gently shake the victim and shout Roll the casualty near to you Check and clear airway Look, Listen and Feel for breathing

12. Contd…. If not breathing place casualty on back on a firm surface Open Airway Give two deep breaths Assess rise and fall of chest

13. Contd…. Check for pulse in neck (5-10 seconds) Kneel beside casualty’s chest Locate correct hand position on sternum Place hands gently over heart fingers intertwined Lean over casualty, arms straight, elbows locked

14. Contd….. Commence 15 compressions, with even pressure approximately 1/3 the depth of the chest Compressions - rate of 100 per minute Give two deep breaths Relocate correct hand position

15. When you pass out, your tongue relaxes, and it can roll back in your mouth and block your windpipe. Before you can start CPR on an unconscious person, you'll probably need move their tongue out of the way.

16. Contd…. If the victim is choking on something, you may see their chest heave as they try to breathe, but you won't be able to feel or hear air being exhaled. Compressing the abdomen with forceful thrusts creates pressure that forces the object up and out of the windpipe. We can also manually dislodge the object with your fingers.

17. B- Breathing Lungs remove carbon dioxide and take up oxygen. Lungs Normally, the muscles in our chest contract and expand your chest cavity, allowing lungs to fill up with air. Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the immense surface area of your lungs. Finally, our chest muscles relax, and we exhale.

18. Contd…. Rescue breathing uses your lungs to force air into the victim's lungs at regular intervals. The timing of each breath (about 1.5 to 2 seconds per breath) mimics normal breathing. However, the process is much more like blowing up a balloon than real breathing.

19. Contd…. We inhale deeply, form a tight seal with your mouth over their mouth, and exhale strongly to push air out of your mouth into theirs. As we pinch the victim's nostrils closed, the air has nowhere to go except down into the lungs, which expand as they fill with air.

20. Contd… Mouth-to-mouth breathing is hard work. Normally, when you inhale, the chest muscles drive the process. In artificial respiration, we are working against the victim's relaxed chest muscles. When the chest muscles are relaxed, the chest cavity is small, keeping the lungs in a deflated state.

23. The air we blow into a victim's mouth thus contains about 15 to 16 percent oxygen, which is more than enough to supply their needs.

24. Promoting artificial circulation by external cardiac compression.

25. The rescuer facing the patients side, places the heal of one hand on the lower half of the sternum, two finger widths ( 3.8cm or 1.5 inches ) from the tip of the Xiphoid and positions the other hand on top of the first hand. Note: the fingers should not touch the chest wall.

26. 80 – 100 times / minute.

27. If one rescuer only is available, the rate is 2 ventilations to every 15 cardiac compressions.

28. When two rescuers are available, -the first person performs the cardiac compressions, stopping after the 5 th compression. -when the second rescuer gives one ventilation over 1.5-2 seconds and at a tidal volume of less than 1 litre.

29. Using the body weight while keeping the elbows straight, the rescuer presses quickly downward from the shoulder area to deliver a forceful compression to the victims lower sternum about 3.8 – 5 cm or 1.5 inches – 2 inches towards the Spine.

30. In reality, all you are doing is squeezing the heart between the breastbone and the backbone to force blood out. Compressing the chest creates positive pressure inside the chest that pushes oxygenated blood out of the heart through the aorta.

31. Contd…. From here, it travels to the brain and then on to other parts of the body, delivering oxygen for cellular respiration. When you relax, the pressure inside the victim's chest subsides. Deoxygenated blood moves back into the heart from the veins.

32. the scene becomes unsafe another trained first aider arrives and takes over qualified help arrives and takes over the casualty shows signs of recovery you become physically unable to continue

35. Any Questions