1. Water

2. Water Sources Almost any environment has water present to some degree ( See table on following slide) Almost any environment has water present to some degree ( See table on following slide) Heavy Dew can provide water Heavy Dew can provide water –Tie rags or tufts of fine grass around ankles and walk through dew covered grass before sunrise. Wring the water into a container. Water sometimes gathers in tree crotches or rock crevices Water sometimes gathers in tree crotches or rock crevices ALWAYS purify water before drinking it!! ALWAYS purify water before drinking it!!

3. EnvironmentSources How to obtain Remarks Frigid Areas Snow and Ice Melt and Purify Do not eat without melting! Eating will reduce body Temp At Sea *Sea * Rain *Use Desalinator * Catch rain in tarps or other containers *Do not drink without desalting BeachGround Dig hole deep enough to allow water to seep in, obtain rocks, build fire, and heat rocks; drop hot rocks in water, hold cloth over hole to absorb steam, wring water from cloth DesertGround In valleys &low areas In valleys &low areas Wherever you find green vegetation Wherever you find green vegetation Foot of cliffs Foot of cliffs Dig holes deep enough to allow water seep in

4. Do NOT Substitute For Water Alcoholic Beverages Alcoholic Beverages –Dehydrate the body and cloud judgment Urine Urine –Contains harmful body wastes. About 2% Salt Blood Blood –Salty, and considered a food, therefore, requires additional body fluids to digest. May transmit disease Seawater Seawater –About 4% salt. Takes about 2 liters of body fluids to rid body of waste from 1 liter of seawater.

5. Water Purification Rainwater collected in clean containers or in plants is usually safe for drinking Rainwater collected in clean containers or in plants is usually safe for drinking Purify water from: Purify water from: –Lakes –Ponds –Swamps –Springs –Streams

6. Methods for Purifying Water Use water purification tablets (follow the package directions) Use water purification tablets (follow the package directions) Place 5 drops of iodine in container of clear water Place 5 drops of iodine in container of clear water –If container is full of cloudy or cold water use 10 drops –Let container stand for 30min before drinking Place 2 drops of chlorine bleach Place 2 drops of chlorine bleach –Let stand 30 min –If water is cloudy or cold let stand 60 min Boil Water Boil Water –Safest method –Ensures that all living waterborne pathogens are destroyed By drinking non purified water you may contract diseases or swallow organisms that can harm you and may easily lead to potentially fatal waterborne illnesses By drinking non purified water you may contract diseases or swallow organisms that can harm you and may easily lead to potentially fatal waterborne illnesses

7. Water Filtration Devices If water is muddy, stagnant, and foul smelling, you can clear water by: If water is muddy, stagnant, and foul smelling, you can clear water by: –Placing it in a container and letting is stand for 12 hours –By pouring it through a filtration system * These procedures only clear water and make it more palatable. You will still need to purify it.

8. Water Filtration Cont. To make a filtering system, place several centimeters or layers of filtering materials such as: sand, crushed rock, charcoal, or cloth in a hallow log, or an article of clothing To make a filtering system, place several centimeters or layers of filtering materials such as: sand, crushed rock, charcoal, or cloth in a hallow log, or an article of clothing