1. Measuring starvation resistance in the field? Kim van der Linde Supervisors: Jan Sevenster, Bas Zwaan, Paul Brakefield Institute for Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences Leiden University The Netherlands

2. Habitat changes Vegetation change –Microclimatic changes Higher day temperatures Dryer overall What is the effect on starvation resistance?

3. What do we know? ….. lots about large scale clines Not much on a local scale, but….

4. Variation in life history traits over large clines Parkash, R., and A. K. Munjal. 1999. Journal of Zoological systematics and evolutionary research 37:195-202. Latitude (ºN)

5. Complications long clines Large distances, so: –large changes in macro-climate –large changes in vegetation related microclimatic variation? –differences in genetic background No conclusive patterns Common environment experiments

6. Aim What is the variation in starvation resistance between species and habitats under natural circumstances? And what is the role of the genetic variation? Are there GxE interactions?

7. Where? Panama Canal Two transects Each transect with three habitats: –Forest –Intermediate –Grassland Distance between habitats (1-2 km) within a transect smaller then distance between transects (10 km)

8. Field set-up Large roofed cages to work in Small cages with fine netting for development times Petridishes with agar and covered with fine netting for starvation resistance

9. Experiments Field experiment 1: Expression of life-history traits in the original habitat: –12 species, 5941 individuals Field experiment 2: Transplantation experiment. –4 species, 5629 individuals

10. First field experiment

11. Robustness Jack-knifing shows that none of the species has a overly large effect on the overall outcome

12. Species

13. Conclusions first field experiment Habitat and location effect on starvation resistance Habitat and transect effect on body size Large differences between species, but overall very consistent result

14. Second field experiment Univariate Tests of Significance for STAR_RES Sigma-restricted parameterization Effective hypothesis decomposition Degr. of SS Freedom MS F p Intercept.0673 1.067.330.565475 TRANSECT 1.3706 1 1.370 6.730.009523 OR.8766 2.438 2.152.116390 EX26.9426 213.47166.1570.000000 TRANSECT*OR 3.4590 2 1.729 8.493.000210 TRANSECT*EX 1.1549 2.577 2.835.058835 OR*EX 8.6395 4 2.15910.607.000000 TRANSECT*OR*EX 7.3454 4 1.836 9.018.000000 Error 593.5638 2915 0.203

15. Second field experiment

16. Robustness Univariate Tests of Significance for STAR_RES Sigma-restricted parameterization Effective hypothesis decomposition Degr. of SS Freedom MS F p Intercept.0673 1.067.330.565475 TRANSECT 1.3706 1 1.370 6.730.009523 OR.8766 2.438 2.152.116390 EX26.9426 213.47166.1570.000000 TRANSECT*OR 3.4590 2 1.729 8.493.000210 TRANSECT*EX 1.1549 2.577 2.835.058835 OR*EX 8.6395 4 2.15910.607.000000 TRANSECT*OR*EX 7.3454 4 1.836 9.018.000000 Error 593.5638 2915 0.203

17. Conclusions second field experiment Experimental habitat effect indicates strong environmental impact Transect effect could indicate large scale differences Original by experimental location effect indicates GxE interaction for 4 species at population level

18. Preliminary conclusions Starvation resistances can be measured in the field Species show consistent results The GxE interaction factor indicates genetic differentiation between collection locations Extrapolating the results from one common environment to general conclusions is tricky