1. Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys Chris Ziegler ENMA490 September 10, 2002

2. Shape Memory Alloys -General Description of how they work -Twinning Combinatorial Approach -Cantilever Fabrication -Deposition -Rapid Analysis Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys -Similar functionality to SMA -Magnetostriction -Applications and downfalls

3. Shape Memory Alloys -Austenite-Martensite Transformation Austenite Cooling Polydomain Martensite Applied Stress Single-domain Martensite Re-heating Austenite -Twinning- Formation of symmetrical, inter-grown crystals -Shape Memory Alloys (NiTi, NiMnGa) are used in switches, actuators, airplane components, and other applications.

4. The Combinatorial Approach to finding new Shape Memory Alloys Capacitance Measurement -Change in capacitance as a function of cantilever deflection -1 Composition at a time! Optical Measurement -Cantilever Library Fabricated -Sputter Deposition of composition spread -Optical Measurement -Shape Memory Effect seen by eye Combinatorial Science = Rapid Characterization of a spread of material V

5. Composition Spread x x guns spread profile distance between guns & substrate Raising and lowering the stage in which the sample rests results in different composition gradients across wafer surface. Picture of the 3 sputtering guns, each capable of holding a different “target”

6. Rapid Detection of Martensitic Transformation

7. Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys: What are they? -An alloy that demonstrates the Austenite to Martensite phase transformation (Shape Memory Effect) -An alloy that is ferromagnetic (possibly a need for Iron, Cobalt, or Nickel in the alloy) -The most well known “MSMA” is NiMnGa -Nickel Manganese Gallium has an L 21 crystal structure

8. How do they work? Magnetic Moments without applied magnetic Field Parallel Alignment of Magnetic Moments within the twins with applied field Redistribution of twin “variants” http://www.fyslab.hut.fi/epm/heusler/

9. Magnetostriction Definition: Spontaneous deformation of a solid in response to its magnetization (James and Wuttig) -Discovered in 1842 by James Joule while experimenting with nickel (a ferromagnetic material) -examples: Terfenol-D, Alloys including Iron, Cobalt, or Nickel, PZT, etc… -If martensitic material is ferromagnetic there is a possibility that application of a magnetic field will rearrange the martensite variants! This results in strains one order of magnitude or higher than that of Giant Magnetostrictive materials.

10. Thin Film Applications for Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys -Switches and Actuators that are both more responsive and more cost-efficient. -Microwrapper – used for controlling micro- organisms and even tumor removal in the medical industry -Metal MSMA more responsive and less brittle than Terfenol-D -Associated Large-Energy Density for MEMS use http://www.afrlhorizons.com/Briefs/Sept02/OSR0 203.html

11. Summary -MSMA’s exist due to their ferromagnetic and phase transformation characteristics -Metal Alloys such as NiMnGa exhibit strains on the order of 6% as compared to the.2% exhibited by Terfenol-D -Actuation by application of a magnetic field is inexpensive, very sensitive, and requires less time than the heating required for general SMA’s -Very few MSMA’s well known at this point paving the way for Combinatorial Discovery

12. QUESTIONS? Football is good!