1. DO NOW THURSDAY
Write down what you know about the brain.

2. LEARNING TARGETS
Describe the structure and function of the brain.

3. The Brain

4. Interesting Facts About Your Brain
Your brain weighs about 3 pounds.
It is made of about 78% water.
Therefore, you need to drink 8-12 glasses of water each day for your brain to maintain peak function.
It is soft enough to cut with a butter knife.
It is about the size of a grapefruit.
It gets about 8 gallons of blood each hour to provide it with the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function.
Your brain uses about 20% of your body’s energy and oxygen.

5. Why is your brain important?
Your brain is very important to the function of your entire body.
Functions include
Interpret information from environment (collected with five senses)
Monitor and regulate body functions such as temperature, blood pressure, hunger, etc.
Responsible for thinking, learning, emotion, memory
The list goes on and on….

6. Parts of Your Brain Your brain contains three main parts: Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain Stem

7. The Parts of Your Brain

8. The Cerebrum The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
In fact, your large cerebrum is what separates you from all other animals.
Your cerebrum is responsible for your higher mental functions such as thinking, problem solving, understanding speech, and using words.
Your cerebrum is divided into four parts, called lobes:
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

9. The Cerebrum
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Occipital
lobe
Temporal lobe

10. The Cerebrum: Frontal lobe
The Frontal lobe is involved in
Reasoning
Planning
Problem-solving
Emotions
Speech
Personality
Frontal
lobe

11. The Cerebrum: Parietal lobe
The Parietal lobe is involved in
Senses such as temperature, taste, pressure, touch, and pain
Language
Parietal
lobe

12. The Cerebrum: Occipital lobe
The Occipital lobe is involved in:
Visual processing
Occipital
lobe

13. The Cerebrum: Temporal lobe
The Temporal lobe is involved in
Auditory perception (hearing)
Memory
Speech
Temporal lobe

14. The Cerebrum
The commonly-used terms “left-brained” and “right-brained” refer to the two hemispheres (halves) of the cerebrum.
Although both sides are involved in all of the activities previously mentioned for the lobes, brain research shows that the left side is used more for language and logical processing (math and science), while the right side is used more for visual and intuitive processing (creativity).
Damage to the cerebrum, such as from a stroke, can result in a wide variety of symptoms, depending upon the location and severity of the damage.

15. Cerebral Hemispheres

16. Cerebral Hemispheres Which are you?? Left-brain Right-brain quiz:

17. The Cerebellum
Makes up about 10% of the brain’s total weight, but contains about half of the brain’s neurons (cells).
Regulates voluntary muscular movements such as posture, balance, coordination, speech, and smooth and balanced muscular activity.
Damage to the cerebellum probably would not result in paralysis or affect the intelligence of the person, but could lead to lack of balance, slower movement, and tremors (shaking).

18. The Cerebellum

19. The Brain Stem
The brain stem is made of three different parts (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata), however, you will not be required to know the names of these.
All of the parts of the brain stem together are responsible for vital life processes. These are the processes that keep you alive. The processes include:
Heart rate
Breathing
Sleeping
Eating
Blood pressure
Sleep/wake
Swallowing

20. The Brain Stem

21. DO NOW FRIDAY
Write what you think a traumatic brain injury is.

22. LEARNING TARGETS
To describe the structure and function of the brain.

23. What is Traumatic Brain Injury?
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to damage to the brain caused by an external physical force such as a car accident, a gunshot wound to the head, or a fall.
A TBI is not caused by something internal such as a stroke or tumor, and does not include damage to the brain due to prolonged lack of oxygen (anoxic brain injuries).

24. Protecting the Brain
The brain is composed of extremely delicate, soft tissue floating in a clear fluid within the skull.
Under the skull there are three layers of membranes that cover and protect the brain.
The fluid, called cerebrospinal fluid (or CSF) along with the membranes (spinal meninges) and skull, help to cushion and protect the brain.
However, when there is sudden speeding up and/or slowing down, such as in a car crash or fall, the brain can move around violently inside the skull, resulting in injury.

25. Why is it important to wear a helmet?

26. Helmet Lab Activity
Purpose: To design a “helmet” that protects the “brain” and understand how injury may impact brain functioning

27. Your Model Your model for this activity will be an egg.
The shell = skull
The yolk = brain
The white = CSF
The egg has been glued to a piece of egg carton for stability.

28. Procedures
Your group may use up to 5 different materials for your helmet.
You will drop your egg in front of the class from a 30 cm height.
Constraints:
Helmet has to stay on the “head” during the impact.
Helmet has to prevent “skull” from cracking.
Helmet can’t cover “eyes”.
Helmet can’t fall apart/must be reusable.

29. DO NOW MONDAY
Tell which part of the brain performs the following functions:
Thinking
Understanding language
Vital life processes
Voluntary movements
Vision
Memory
Hearing
Balance

30. Learning Targets
To describe the structure and function of a sensory/motor neuron.
To gather and synthesize information that sensory neurons respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for an immediate response or for storage as memory.

31. Neurons (Nerve Cells)

32. Neurons Are nerve cells Are the longest cells in the body
Function like the wires in electronics
Carry messages from the brain to the body or the body to the brain

33. Types of Neurons There are two type of neurons:
Sensory: allow you to sense your environment;
carry messages from your body to your brain;
connect your brain to your five senses (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose)
Motor: allow you to respond to your environment;
carry messages from your brain to your body
connect your brain to your muscles to allow movement

34. Structure of a Neuron

35. Function of Neuron Parts
Dendrites: receive the chemical signal (neurotransmitter) from the adjacent nerve cell
Cell body: produces the energy and protein that builds and maintains the nerve cell
Nucleus: control center of the nerve cell, direct its function
Axon: the “wire” of the nerve signal; conducts the electrical impulse
Myelin sheath: the fatty insulation that keeps the electrical signal on the axon
Axon terminals: send the chemical signal (neurotransmitter) to the next nerve cell or another cell such as a muscle cell

36. How does a Neuron send a signal?
Chemical
Signal
Chemical
signal
Electrical
Signal


37. How does a Neuron send a signal?
Neurotransmitter
chemical signal 
dendrites
axon

electricity
Axon
terminals

38. How does a Neuron send a signal?
Dendrites receive neurotransmitter from adjacent neuron.
Neurotransmitter generates electrical signal in neuron.
Electrical signal travels down axon and axon terminals.
Neurotransmitter is released by axon terminals.
Neurotransmitter travels across synapse and is received by dendrites of next nerve cell.
Steps 1-5 are repeated over and over as message is sent from brain to body (by way of motor neurons) or body to brain (by way of sensory neurons).
NOTE: The receiving cell of the neurotransmitter
can be a muscle cell if the sending cell is a motor
neuron.

39. What happens then?
Once the message reaches its destination, what happens depends upon the destination.
If the destination was the brain, then the brain will process the information and send a response message out to a part of the body or may store the information for future use (memory and learning).
If the destination was a body part, then that body part will do what was instructed by the brain.