1. THE INDUS BASIN – AN OVERVIEW
THE INDUS WATERS TREATY – 1960
26 AUGUST 2015

2. INDUS BASIN MAP Facts: Area 1.16 M km2 Runoff 211 BCM
Rainfall 10 to 200 cm

3. FLOW AVAILABILITY OF INDUS AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
River at Rim Station
Average Annual Runoff in MAF (BCM)
Indus at Kalabagh (incudes flow of Kabul River)
90 (111)
Jhelum at Mangla
23 (28)
Chenab at Marala
25 (31)
Total Western Rivers
138 (170)
Ravi at Madhopur
6 (8)
Beas at Mandi Plain
13 (16)
Sutlej at Rupar
14 (17)
Total Eastern Rivers
33 (41)
Total Indus Basin
171 (211)

4. INDUS BASIN DIVISION
On 15 July 1947, the Indian Independence Act 1947 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom stipulated that British rule in India would come to an end just one month later, on 15 August The Act also stipulated the partition of the Provinces of British India into two new sovereign dominions: the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.
The western part of the Punjab became part of West Pakistan and the eastern part became the Indian state of East Punjab, which was later divided between a smaller Punjab State and two other states.
The Punjab's population distribution was such that there was no line that could neatly divide Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. Likewise, no line could appease the Muslim League, headed by Jinnah, and the Indian National Congress led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel, and by the British. Moreover, any division based on religious communities was sure to entail "cutting through road and rail communications, irrigation schemes, electric power systems and even individual landholdings."[5] However, a well-drawn line could minimize the separation of farmers from their fields, and also minimize the numbers of people who might feel forced to relocate.
Problems: (i) Boundary making process [lack of specialized knowledge, short time], (ii) Political representation [equal representation for providing a balance created in fact deadlock], (iii) Local knowledge [Radcliffe never visited India before his appointment], (iv) Haste and indifference [Radcliffe justified the casual division with the truism that no matter what he did, people would suffer.. By his own admission, Radcliffe was heavily influenced by his lack of fitness for the Indian climate and his eagerness to depart India], (v) Secrecy, (vi) Implementation

5. AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN
Now
Irrigated Area on IBRS: 26 million acres 66 million acres
In Pakistan 21 million acres 45 million acres
In India: million acres 21 million acres

6. WATER DISTRIBUTION AS PER THE IWT
EASTERN RIVERS
All the water of the Eastern Rivers is available for the unrestricted use of India 6

7. WATER DISTRIBUTION AS PER THE IWT
WESTERN RIVERS
(1) Pakistan shall receive for unrestricted use all waters of Western Rivers
(2) India shall not interfere with the waters of Western Rivers except for following uses:
(a) Domestic Use
(b) Non-Consumptive use
(c) Agricultural Use (limited)
(d) Generation of Hydro-electric Power
(e) Storage Works (limited) 7

8. FLOW ALLOCATIONS AS PER IWT Average Annual Runoff in MAF (BCM)
River at Rim Station
Average Annual Runoff in MAF (BCM)
Indus at Kalabagh (incudes flow of Kabul River)
90 (111)
Jhelum at Mangla
23 (28)
Chenab at Marala
25 (31)
Total Western Rivers
138 (170)
Ravi at Madhopur
6 (8)
Beas at Mandi Plain
13 (16)
Sutlej at Rupar
14 (17)
Total Eastern Rivers
33 (41)
Total Indus Basin
171 (211)

9. INDUS BASIN - SCHEMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM
OVERVIEW OF REPLACEMENT WORKS
Link Canals (09 Nos.):
Combined Capacity 3000 m3/s
Combined Length 600 km
Dams (Tarbela, Mangla & Chashma):
Combined Capacity 14 MAF (17 BCM)
Barrages (06 Nos.):
On Eastern Rivers Nos.
On Western Rivers 04 Nos.

10. WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
MUHAMMAD AYUB KHAN
WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
“But before I write of the negotiations with Eugene Black, I should like to describe the confrontation I had with our own technical experts and administrators. I sensed that they did not fully realize the gravity of the situation and were asking for the moon when we were in a position of weakness all along the line. They were also trying to dictate policy and were taking up extreme positions. Some thirty or forty of them were assembled in a Government House, Lahore, where I addressed them. I said: 10

11. WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
MUHAMMAD AYUB KHAN
WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
Gentlemen, this problem is of far-reaching consequences to us. Let me tell you that every factor is against Pakistan. I am not saying that we should surrender our rights but, at the same time, I will say this: that if we can get a solution which we can live with, we shall be very foolish not to accept it. Now when I say that, I am in fact saying it to myself because I shall have to take the responsibility for the solution.”
Ref: Friends, Not Masters by Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan 11

12. WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
MUHAMMAD AYUB KHAN
WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
“The responsibility does not lie on any of you, so let me tell you very plainly that the policy is going to be mine. I shall consult you whenever I am in doubt regarding technical details, but if anyone of you interferes with my policy, I shall deal with him myself. This problem, if not tackled properly, may well mean the end of the country. I mean every word of it. So, don’t let anyone make any mistake about it.”
Ref: Friends, Not Masters by Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan 12

13. WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
MUHAMMAD AYUB KHAN
WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
“What we were being called upon to this is to barter away natural flowing waters into our canals, for storage water, and the history of storage is that it begins to silt the moment it is completed. Besides, we are going to put back by about ten years or so by building these storages and link-canals. All this efforts could have been put to more constructive effort. So, we are making great sacrifices.”
Ref: Friends, Not Masters by Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan 13

14. WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
MUHAMMAD AYUB KHAN
WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
“As I explained to my people at the time of signing the Treaty, the solution that we had finally arrived at was not the ideal one but it was the best we could get under the circumstances.”
Ref: Friends, Not Masters by Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan 14

15. WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
MUHAMMAD AYUB KHAN
WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
“After years of negotiations of the utmost complexity, heart-breaking delays and frequent stalemates, we had, I felt, been able to obtain a solution which was adequate. So, whereas there was no cause for rejoicing at the signing of the Treaty, there was certainly cause for satisfaction that a possibly very ugly situation had been averted.”
Ref: Friends, Not Masters by Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan 15

16. WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
MUHAMMAD AYUB KHAN
WORDS & EFFORTS FOR THE TREATY
“With the signing of the Treaty, a chapter of long and uneasy negotiations and suspense in our national affairs came to an end. We entered a period of sustained hard work to provide the huge storages and immensely long link-canals for the alternative sources of water. By 1970 we hope to have completed these works, and when that is done we shall be independent of India in the matter of water supply.”
Ref: Friends, Not Masters by Muhammad Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan 16

17. LONG-TERM TEMPORAL VARIATION OF FLOWS OF WESTERN RIVERS
Sr. No.
River Stations
Annual Volume in MAF (BCM)
Pre-Treaty ( )
Post-Treaty ( ) 1
Indus at Kalabagh
90 (111)
88 (108) 2
Jhelum at Mangla
23 (28)
22 (27) 3
Chenab at Marala
25 (31)
Total
138 (170)
135 (166)

18. Article-II Provisions Regarding Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Sutlej and Beas)
(1) All the waters of the Eastern Rivers shall be available for the unrestricted use of India, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Article.
(2) Except for Domestic Use and Non-Consumptive Use, Pakistan shall be under an obligation to let flow, and shall not permit any interference with, the waters of the Sutlej Main and the Ravi Main in the reaches where these rivers flow in Pakistan and have not yet finally crossed into Pakistan.
(3) Except for Domestic Use, Non-Consumptive Use and Agricultural Use (as specified in Annexure B), Pakistan shall be under an obligation to let flow, and shall not permit any interference with, the waters (while flowing in Pakistan) of any Tributary which in its natural course joins the Sutlej Main or the Ravi Main before these rivers have finally crossed into Pakistan. 18

19. Article-III Provisions Regarding Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab)
(1) Pakistan shall receive for unrestricted use all those waters of the Western Rivers which India is under obligation to let flow under the provisions of Paragraph (2).
(2) India shall be under an obligation to let flow all the waters of the Western Rivers, and shall not permit any interference with these waters, except for the following uses, restricted (except as provided in item (c) (ii) of Paragraph 5 of Annexure C) in the case of each of the rivers, The Indus, The Jhelum and The Chenab, to the drainage basin thereof:
(a) Domestic Use;
(b) Non-Consumptive Use;
(c) Agricultural Use, as set out in Annexure C; and
(d) Generation of hydro-electric power, as set out in Annexure D.
(3) ………
(4) Except as provided in Annexures D and E, India shall not store any water of, or construct any storage works on, the Western Rivers. 19

20. Annexure-D Generation of Hydroelectric Power by India on the Western Rivers [Article III (2) (d)]
The provisions of this Annexure shall apply with respect to the use by India of the waters of the Western River for the generation of hydroelectric power under the provisions of Article III (2) (d) and, subject to the provisions of this Annexure, such use shall be unrestricted: provided that the construction and operation of new hydroelectric plants which are incorporated in a Storage Work (as defined in Annexure E) shall be governed by the relevant provisions of Annexure E. 20

21. SUMMARY OF PROJECTS BY INDIA ON WESTERN RIVERS1.
Number of Projects
Indus
Jhelum
Chenab 16 24 20
Total: 60 2.
Installed Capacity (MW)
Chenab (including Pakal Dul)
114
1488
4091
5693 3.
Pondage (Acre-ft)
8076
7553
53534
69163 4.
Storage (Acre-ft)
88000

22. Annexure D Design Criteria Provisions Regarding Sediment Outlets, Spillway and Intakes for Turbines
Paragraph 8
(d) There shall be no outlets below the dead storage level, unless necessary for sediment control or any other technical purpose; any such outlet if provided shall be of minimum size, and located at the highest level, consistent with sound and economical design and with satisfactory operation of the works. 22

23. Annexure D Design Criteria Provisions Regarding Sediment Outlets, Spillway and Intakes for Turbines
Paragraph 8
(e) If the conditions at the site of a Plant make a gated spillway necessary, the bottom level of the gates in normal closed position shall be located at the highest level consistent with sound and economical design and satisfactory construction and operation of the works. 23

24. Annexure D Design Criteria Provisions Regarding Sediment Outlets, Spillway and Intakes for Turbines
Paragraph 14
The filling of Dead Storage shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Paragraph 18 or 19 of Annexure E 24

25. OPERATIONAL CRITERIA OF RUN-OF-RIVER PLANT (PARAGRAPH 15 OF ANNEXURE-D)
“Subject to the provisions of Paragraph 17, the works connected with a Plant shall be so operated that (a) the volume of water received in the river upstream of the Plant, during any period of seven consecutive days, shall be delivered into the river below the Plant during the same seven-day period, and (b) in any one period of 24 hours within that seven-day period, the volume delivered into the river below the Plant shall be not less than 30%, of the volume received in the river above the Plant during the same 24-hour period: ……….
Cont…/2 25

26. Annexure-E Initial Filling
18. The annual filling of Conservation Storage and the initial filling below the Dead Storage Level, at any site, shall be carried out at such times and in accordance with such rules as may be agreed upon between the Commissioners. In case the Commissioners are unable to reach agreement, India may carry out the filling as follows:
(a) if the site is on the Indus, between 1st July and 20th August;
(b) if the site is on the Jhelum, between 21st June and 20th August; and
(c) if the site is on the Chenab, between 21st June and 31st August at such rate as not to reduce, on account of this filling, the flow in the Chenab Main above Marala to less than 55,000 cusecs. 26

27. Annexure-E Depletion of Dead Storage
19. The Dead Storage shall not be depleted except in an unforeseen emergency. If so depleted it will be refilled in accordance with the conditions of its initial filling. 27

28. Article-VII
(2) If either Party plans to construct any engineering work which would cause interference with the waters of any of the Rivers and which, in its opinion, would affect the other Party materially, it shall notify the other Party of its plans and shall supply such data relating to the work as may be available and as would enable the other Party to inform itself of the nature, magnitude and effect of the work. If a work would cause interference with the waters of any of the Rivers but would not, in the opinion of the Party planning it, affect the other Party materially, nevertheless the Party planning the work shall, on request, supply the other Party with such data regarding the nature, magnitude and effect, if any, of the work as may be available. 28

29. Resolution of disputes Period of Dispute Resolution
Name of Project
Period of Dispute Resolution
Salal Dam
(8 Years)
Baglihar HEP
1992 – 2007 (15 Years)
Kishenganga HEP
1994 – 2013 (19 Years)

30. PAKISTAN’S CONCERNS AGAINST INDIA’S ATTITUDE
Designs in violation of the Treaty Criteria
Excessive Freeboard
Deep Orifice Spillway
Excessive Pondage
India starts construction without informing Pakistan (Chutak HEP, Wullar/Tulbul)
India does not provide data of the projects as per requirements of Article VII(2)
India plans/constructs projects that are in clear violation of Treaty (Tulbul Navigation Project/Wullar Barrage)
India stalls on the discussions on the projects with intent to bring these near completion before Pakistan opts for NE/COA
India is unmindful in implementing the operational provisions of the Treaty (initial filling of Baglihar)

31. WAYFORWARD FOR SMOOTH IMPLEMENTATION OF IWT
A need to bilaterally agree upon:
to improve the data quality by following the internationally accepted practices;
to disseminate the real-time quality-assured gauge and discharge data by employing the modern equipment like telemetry;
to improve the management of upper watersheds;

32. WAYFORWARD FOR SMOOTH IMPLEMENTATION OF IWT
to ensure the sharing of future projects’ plans and designs at inception stage;
to formulate the procedures for determining various parameters of the new projects consistent with sound and economical design and satisfactory construction and operation of the works while remaining within the statutory regulation of the IWT.

33. SALAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT
Design Parameter
Value
Dam Location
75 km upstream of Marala
Dam Height
305.5 ft
Type of Dam
Concrete Gravity/Rockfill
Installed Capacity
690 MW
Gross Storage
230,000 acre-ft
Dead Storage
Pondage
Controllable Volume
58,000 acre-ft

34. BAGLIHAR HYDROELECTRIC PLANT
Design Parameter
Value
Dam Location
160 km upstream of Marala
Dam Height
469 ft
Type of Dam
Concrete Gravity
Installed Capacity
900 MW
Gross Storage
321,000 acre-ft
Dead Storage
290,000 acre-ft
Pondage
26,000 acre-ft
Controllable Volume
158,000 acre-ft

35. KISHNEGANGA HYDROELECTRIC PLANT
Design Parameter
Value
Dam Location
12 km upstream of Line of Control
Dam Height
121 ft
Type of Dam
Concrete face rockfill (CFRD)
Installed Capacity
330 MW
Gross Storage
14,600 acre-ft
Dead Storage
8,500 acre-ft
Pondage
6,100 acre-ft
Controllable Volume
14,000 acre-ft

36. WULLAR BARRAGE/ TULBUL NAVIGATION PROJECT
Design Parameter
Value
Barrage Location
85 km upstream of Line of Control (LOC)
Purpose
Navigation
Gross Storage
392,000 acre-ft
Controllable Volume
263,000 acre-ft

37. Article-IX of the Treaty
Procedure for Settlement of Differences & Disputes
Permanent Indus Commission :
Questions shall be examined by the Commission for an endeavour to resolve by agreement
Govt. to Govt. level
Either Government may take up any particular question directly with the other Government.
Neutral Expert
Difference falling under Part-I of Annexure-F (23 Technical questions)
Court of Arbitration
Differences other than Part-I of Annexure-F, being a “dispute” or any difference declared by the Neutral Expert shall be termed as “dispute” (Annexure-G)
Any other way
Upon agreement by the Commission 37

38. INTERPROVINCIAL WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (WAA)

39. WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD - 1991
Water Apportionment Accord was mutually agreed by the four provinces and signed in 1991
This accord defines the water sharing formula for distribution of Indus Basin flows among the provinces
historic canal diversions (102 MAF) were made basis for allocation of the waters of the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab) to the provinces; contributions from Eastern Rivers are negligible
The Accord also defines the water allocations corresponding to various water availability scenarios (dry, average and wet conditions)

40. INDUS RIVER SYSTEM AUTHORITY
Indus River System Authority (IRSA) was established in 1992 by the Government of Pakistan for implementation of the Accord
IRSA is responsible for determining the seasonal water allocations and also for regulation of the reservoirs, link canals and headworks in the sense that the distribution is as per provincial shares and shortage to the system is evenly distributed
Indus River System Authority (IRSA) comprises five (05) members; four from the provincial irrigation departments and one as a federal member.
Chairman of the Authority is appointed for one year, on rotational basis.

41. OPERATION OF IRSA
Knowledge base i.e. observed gauge and discharge data, is provided by provincial irrigation departments
Seasonal water availability scenarios and system operation are planned by IRSA in consultation with provincial irrigation departments and WAPDA; due considerations are given to storage available in the reservoirs
Seasonal water allocation plans are made by IRSA before start of the winter and summer crop seasons i.e. Rabi and Kharif.

42. OPERATION OF IRSA
Anticipated shortages in the system are also communicated in seasonal plans so that provinces could mange their water demands within their allocation.
Day to day operation is monitored by IRSA through collection of observed flows at rim stations and diversion to various canal commands through barrages.
Anticipated seasonal allocations are revisited in the middle of season to update/revise the allocations.

44. Indus Tarbela Jhelum Chenab Mangla Kabul Ravi Sutlej C-J Chashma T-P
NWFP CRBC
C-J
Chashma
T-P
Balochistan Canals
Legend
Rim Stations:
Tarbela
Nowshera
Mangla
Marala
Sindh Barrages
Punjab Barrages
Reservoirs
Major Rivers 44

45. HISTORIC REGULATIONS – 14(B)
The record of actual average system uses for the period in the various canal commands, would form the guide line for developing a future regulation pattern. These ten daily uses would be adjusted pro-rata to correspond to the indicated seasonal allocations of the different canal systems and would form the basis for sharing shortages and surpluses on all Pakistan basis.

46. HISTORIC REGULATION – (1977-82)
Province
MAF %
Punjab
54.51
53.06
Sindh
43.53
42.37
Balochistan
1.63
1.59
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP)
3.06
2.98
Total
102.73
100.00

47. PARA -2 (Agreed Distribution)
In the light of the accepted water distributional principles, the following apportionment was agreed to:
All values in MAF
Province
Kharif
Rabi
Total
Punjab
37.07
18.87
55.94
Sindh *
33.94
14.82
48.76 KP
3.48
2.30
5.78
Civil Canals in KP**
1.80
1.20
3.00
Balochistan
2.85
1.02
3.87
77.34
37.01
114.35
* Including already sanctioned Urban and Industrial uses for Metropolitan Karachi.
** Un-gauged Civil Canals above the rim stations (El ft asl).

48. COMPARISON OF PARA-2 AND 1977-82
Province
Para 2
MAF %
Punjab
55.94
48.92
54.51
53.06
Sindh
48.76
42.64
43.53
42.37
Balochistan
3.87
3.38
1.63
1.59 KP
5.78
5.06
3.06
2.98
Total
114.35
100.00
102.73

49. BALANCE RIVER SUPPLIES (PARA-4)
Balance river supplies (including flood supplies and future storages) shall be distributed as below: Punjab 37%
Sindh 37%
KPK 14%
Balochistan 12%

50. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION MECHANISM OF IRSA
Water Availability < Actual Average System Uses 77-82
- Distribution as proportionate to
Water Availability > Actual Average System Uses but < Para 2 of WAA 1991
uses are protected
- Balance available as per Para 2
Water Availability > Para 2 of WAA 1991
- Para 2 are protected
- Balance as per Para 4
Note: KP & Balochistan are exempted from shortages