1. The Roots of Rock Ragtime and Jazz

2. Ragtime Emerges from mix of influences c. 1880 Piano style, named for ragged melody line

3. Ragtime Emphasis on cross-rhythms –Left hand establishes steady beat “walking bass” - primarily arpeggios “stride bass” - single note on beats 1 and 3, chord on 2 and 4 –Right hand plays complex, syncopated melody

4. Maple Leaf Rag - Scott Joplin Four strains (= sections), each repeated A strain returns in middle of piece Form: A A B B A C C D D

5. Syncopated dance music Ragtime spreads to instrumental ensembles Ex. Copenhagen - Fletcher Henderson –Syncopated, like ragtime melody –Banjo and tuba alternate between bass note and backbeat = two-beat rhythm Popular for fox-trot and other “animal dances”

6. New Orleans Jazz Solid beat - not “raggy” Extensive syncopation Collective improvisation –Musicians “making up” parts according to carefully defined rules Rhythm section: tuba, banjo, percussion

7. New Orleans Jazz Influence from the blues Blue notes: lowering of certain pitches for emotional effect –Particularly 3rd, 5th, 7th notes of scale four-beat style beat: strong accent on each beat of bar

8. Dippermouth Blues - King Oliver Blue notes Thick texture Blues form (but no words) King Oliver solo: wah-wah mute

9. Louis Armstrong (1900-1971) Most influential jazz trumpeter ever Also had great impact as singer –Scat singing: vocalizing on nonsense syllables, singing without words –Instrumental quality to singing Ex. - I Got A Right To Sing the Blues

10. Swing or Big Band Jazz Popular c. 1930-1946 Based in ensemble virtuosity, rather than individual solos Dense textures Riff-based

11. Count Basie, Jumpin’ at the Woodside Cymbal clearly states four beat rhythm Riffs in trombones, trumpets Syncopated melodies Number of rhythmic layers –Cymbal –Riffs –Soloist –Other rhythm instruments