1. Age of Metternich ( )

2. The Congress of Vienna (1814-15)
After Napoleon's first abdication in April 1814, representatives of all the states of Europe met in Vienna in order to decide what to do now that the Napoleonic threat had disappeared. They had three priorities:
To reduce the size of France to its frontiers before the Revolutionary War of 1792
To ensure that France could never again pose a threat to the rest of Europe, especially to the east.
To reward those countries that had been "anti-Napoleon" and punish those that had been "pro-Napoleon".

3. Congress of Vienna – Quadruple Alliance
All of the European countries and States were represented at the Congress, with the sole exception of Turkey.
But, the real decisions were made by the members of the Quadruple Alliance (Austria, Prussia, Great Britain and Russia)

4. 1815: We have redrawn Europe’s map for eternity.
Prince Metternich
1815: We have redrawn Europe’s map for eternity.

6. Work of the Congress of Vienna
Country
Territory Acquired
Territory Ceded
Austria
Lombardy, Venetia, Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Milan
Austrian Netherlands (to the Dutch)
Prussia
2/5 of Saxony, small part of Poland, area along the Rhine River
Part of Poland (to Russia)
Russia
Grand Duchy of Warsaw
Finland
None
Great Britain
Island of Helgoland, French West Indies, Guiana, Malta, Cape Colony, Ceylon
France
Territories acquired after 1792
Sweden
Norway
Finland (to Russia)
Netherlands
Austrian Netherlands
Colonies lost to Great Britain: Cape Colony, Ceylon, Guiana
Denmark
Norway (to Sweden), Island of Helgoland (to Great Britain)
Sardinia
Savoy, Genoa

7. An Evaluation of the Congress of Vienna
Statesmen at the Congress of Vienna were criticized for ignoring the liberal & nationalist aspirations of many people.
They underestimated the new nationalism and liberalism generated by the French Revolution.
However, not until the unification of Germany in was the balance of power upset.
Not until World War I did Europe have another general war.

8. Liberal and Conservative Ideas of 1800s
Male property
Owners
Who
Should
Rule
Monarch and nobles
Protect basic right to life, liberty, property
Goals of Government
Stability and order
Republic with constitution and separation of powers
Form of Government
Monarchy
Laissez-faire
Economy
Controlled by nobles
Freedom of religion
Religion
Established
church
Middle Class
(Bourgeoisie)
Support by
Nobility
Peasants

9. Nationalism
Powerful ideology that arose out of an awareness of being part of a community that has common institutions, traditions, language, customs, symbols; focus of loyalty
Nationalists believed each nationality should have its own government
Therefore, it threatened to upset the existing political order and destroy the balance of power established at Vienna.
The desire for national self-determination was used by both liberals and conservatives to promote their agendas.

10. Balance of Power Politics
Holy Alliance – vague idea of czar
Quadruple Alliance – more practical
Military cooperation in the event of the resumption of revolutionary activity or French aggression
Concert of Europe - international “policing” of Europe to maintain the status quo which they defined
1818 – France restored to full status
The principle of collective security was established.

11. Metternich System Repression/spies/censorship
Metternich turned Concert of Europe into an instrument for suppressing liberal ideas and nationalist revolts everywhere in Europe
Opposition by Great Britain
Successes in 1820’s in German Confederation, Spain, Italian states
Failures – South American Revolutions
US Monroe Doctrine
Strong British opposition

12. Latin American Independence Movements

13. Independence Movements in the Balkans

14. Independence for Serbia (1804 – 1817)
Revival of Serbian literature, music, folklore, culture
1st revolt unsuccessful against Ottoman Empire
Turned to Russia for assistance
Slavic language
Christian Orthodox Religion
2nd Revolt: Miloš Obrenović led successful revolt ( )
Serbia got autonomy (1833)
Not the last time Russians
affected events in the Balkans

15. Second Serbian Uprising Against Turks with Miloš Obrenović

16. Greek War of Independence
Ottoman Empire – inefficient, corrupt, “Sick Man of Europe”
Influence of French Revolution, secret societies to foster teachings of classical Greece
1821 – Greek revolt
failed to get support of other Balkan groups
Turkish reprisals
destroyed churches under their control
massacred the men
sold the women into slavery

17. In 1821, the bishop Germanos of Patras raised the Greek flag at the Monestary of Agia Lavra in the Peloponnesus and began the War of Independence against the Ottoman Turks

18. Greek use of guerrilla warfare
Philhellenic societies around the world
Individuals came to Greek support,
e.g. Lord Byron
1825 Egyptian support of Turkey – Mohammed Ali
Russia motivation to aid the Greeks (new czar Nicholas I)
Great Britain and France move to support Greeks

19. Greece on the Ruins of Missilonghi by Delacroix, 1827
1829 – Greek independence
No republic, but constitutional monarchy until 1973
German prince awarded throne
Significance of Greek War of Independence:
Virtual End of the Metternich System
Greece on the Ruins of Missilonghi by Delacroix, 1827

20. Revolutions of 1830

21. France: The “Restoration” Era (1815-1830)
Louis XVIII governed France as a Constitutional monarch ( ): Charter of French Liberties.
His brother, Charles X ( ) rejected the Charter, suspended parliament, limited the right to vote and restricted the press: “July Ordinances”

22. To the Barricades!
Middle Class revolted and replaced Charles with a cousin from a rival branch of the royal line Louis Philippe – the “Citizen King”
King got his sovereignty from the people (the wealthy middle class)

24. Liberty Leading the People Eugene Delacroix, 1830

25. Spirit of Revolution Spreads
So… France was now more liberal and nationalistic
The Revolution of 1830 in France served as an inspiration for other revolutions in Europe
The Uprising
Honoré Daumier ( )

27. Belgian Revolution - 1830 Problems of Forced Union with Dutch
Buffer state against France
Wide cultural differences:
DUTCH
BELGIANS
Dutch language
French & Flemish
Calvinist
Roman Catholic
Seafarers and traders
Farmers and industrial workers
Free Trade
Tariffs

28. Belgian Revolution
Belgian student uprising supported by Britain and France.
Non-interference by major powers
Treaty of London 1839
Perpetual Neutrality
Constitutional Monarchy
Leopold I, who took the title “King of the Belgians”

29. Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830

30. A Stirring of Polish Nationalism

31. Until 1600s, one of largest, most advanced countries in Europe
1500
Until 1600s, one of largest, most advanced countries in Europe

32. Disappearance of Poland: Partitions (1772, 1793, 1795)
Austria, Prussia, Russia

33. Napoleonic Grand Duchy of Warsaw (1807)

34. The Poles in and around Warsaw gain a special status by
The Poles in and around Warsaw gain a special status by the Congress of Vienna within the Russian Empire.
Local autonomy granted in 1818.