1. Chapter 6 Federalist And Republicans 1789-1816

2. In the first government under the Constitution, important new institutions, included the cabinet, a system of federal courts, and national bank. Political parties gradually developed from the different views of citizens in the Northwest, West, and South. The new government faced special challenges in foreign affairs including the War of 1812 with Great Britain.

3. With the adoption of the new Constitution, Americans and their leaders had to establish a central government to deal effectively with the challenges facing the new nations.

4. New President On what date did the ballots of the first presidential electors were counted? April 6, 1789 Who became the president? George Washington Americans would greeted the news of Washington becoming president with excitement and joy. Washington though dreaded his election he described his feelings as “not unlike those of a culprit who is going to the place of his execution.”

5. George Washington George Washington had no desire to be president after the Constitutional Convention. His dream was to settle down to a quiet life at his Virginia estate, Mount Vernon. The American people wanted a strong national leader of great authority as their first president. As hero of the Revolution, Washington was the unanimous choice in the first presidential ballot.

6. Creating New Government Philadelphia Convention had given the nation a new Constitution. What task did Washington and the new Congress face? To take the words of the Constitution and turn it into an effective government for the United States.

7. One of the first tasks of the new government was to provide the president with what? Bureaucracy to handle different responsibilities.

8. In 1789 Congress created the Department of State, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of War, and the Office of the Attorney General. President George Washington chose Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton became head of the Treasury Department, General Henry Knox served as Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph became the first Attorney General.

9. This group of department heads who advised the president became known as the what? Cabinet Department of Homeland Security

10. Judiciary Act of 1789 One of the first tasks Washington and Congress tackled was the creation of a Judicial Branch. The Constitution had authorized Congress to set up a federal court system, headed by a Supreme Court, but it failed to spell out the details. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established a Supreme Court consisting of a Chief Justice and 5 associate justices. It also set up 3 federal circuit courts and 13 federal district courts throughout the country. Section 25 of the act is one of the most important provisions of the law, allowed state court decision to be appealed to a federal court when unconstitutional issues were raised.

11. John Jay In 1789, George Washington nominated Jay as the first Chief Justice of the United States. Serving from 1790-1795, Jay was instrumental in establishing the internal procedures of the Court and setting legal precedents. His most notable case was Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), in which Jay and the Court affirmed that some of the state's sovereignty was subordinate to the United Constitution. Unfavorable reaction to the decision led to the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment which denied federal courts authority in suits against a state by citizens of a different state or by subjects or citizens of a foreign state.

12. In 1791, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution went into effect. These amendments were known as the what? Bill of Rights The first eight amendments offered safeguard for what? Individual rights against actions of the federal government

13. The Ninth Amendment states that people have rights other than the ones listed. The Tenth Amendment states that any powers not specifically listed to the federal government would be reserved for the states.

14. What were some of the first tasks the new government faced? Had to organize itself. Departments were set up to handle different responsibilities. Individuals had to be chosen to head these departments. Congress had to introduce and pass the Bill of Rights.

15. Financing the Government By the end of 1789, the government needed additional monies to continue to operate. James Madison and Alexander Hamilton came up with two very different plans to help the government with its finances.

16. James Madison felt the government should raise money by taxing imports from other countries. The Tariff of 1789 made all importers pay 5% of the value of their cargo when they landed in the United States.

17. Financing the Government Shippers were also required to pay tax depending on how much their ships carried. Who did not like this plan? Southern planters They began feeling the government did not have their best interests in mind. Alexander Hamilton supported the tariff, but he felt the government also needed the ability to borrow money. 2

18. To finance the Revolutionary War, the Confederation Congress had issued bonds what are these? Paper notes promising to repay money within a certain amount of time with interest. Southerners were upset because Northerners owned the bonds while most of the tax money used to pay off the debt would come from the South.

19. District of Columbia To win support for his debt plan from Southern states. Hamilton suggested the nation’s capital from New York City to a new city in the South on the banks of the Potomac River. The South had always been concerned about domination by the more urban North, so this idea pleased Southerners, particularly Virginians such as Madison and Jefferson, who believed that a Southern site for the capital would make the government more responsive to their interests. In doing this Virginians agreed to back the debt plan. In 1790 the debt bill passed Congress along with the authorization for the construction of a new capital in the District of Columbia.

20. Pierre L’Enfant a French engineer, drew up the plans for the new capital. Pierre Charles L'Enfant, who came to America from France to fight in the Revolutionary War and rose from obscurity to become a trusted city planner for George Washington. L'Enfant designed the city from scratch, envisioning a grand capital of wide avenues, public squares and inspiring buildings in what was then a district of hills, forests, marshes and plantations.

21. Hamilton wanted to accept these debts at full value, believing the bond owners would then have a stake in the success of the government and be willing to lend money in the future.

22. The opposition, led by Madison, felt that Hamilton’s plan was unfair to farmers and war veterans who had sold their bonds to speculators. What is a speculator? People willing to take a risk with the hope of future financial gain.

23. Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank so that the government could manage its debts and interest payments. The bank would also give loans to the government and individuals and issue paper money. The paper money would in turn encourage trade and investments and stimulate economic growth.

24. Why did Madison object to Hamilton’s plan for a national bank? Because it was not among the federal government’s enumerated powers. What are these? Powers specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

25. Was the Bank of the United State passed? Yes after Hamilton argued that the “necessary and proper” clause in Article I Section 8, of the Constitution created what type of powers? Implied or powers not specifically listed in the Constitution but necessary for the government to do its job.

26. In 1791 Hamilton’s proposed tax on the manufacture of American whiskey passed in Congress. Who would be upset about this tax? 2/7

27. Western farmers were outraged by the tax, and in 1794 what happened? Whiskey Rebellion Washington sent 15,000 to stop the rebellion. There was no fight but this would worry citizens since it saw the federal government was not afraid to use troops against its own citizens.

28. Rise of Political Parties During Washington's first term in office the debate over Hamilton’s financial program split Congress into factions. These factions became the nation’s first political parties. What was these parties? Federalist- Hamilton’s supporters

29. Democratic-Republicans- Although most people referred to them as Republicans Hamilton’s opponents led by Jefferson and Madison. In 1800s the party became known as the Democrats. Today we know the republican party is different.

30. What caused the split in Congress that led to the formation of political parties? Debate over Hamilton’s financial program. Federalist wanted a strong national government in the hands of the wealthy. Believed in manufacturing and trade as the basis of wealth and power.

31. Competing National Visions Hamilton and the Federalists National government supreme Ruling power given to wealthy, educated Government should promote manufacturing Loose interpretation of the Constitution Protective tariffs protect domestic industries Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans State governments supreme Ruling power given to all landowners Government should promote agriculture Strict interpretation of the Constitution Protective tariffs burden farmers

32. Why did Madison object to Hamilton’s plan for a national bank? Argued that Congress could not establish a bank because it was not among the federal government’s enumerated powers. Bank would forge an unhealthy alliance between the government and wealthy business interests. Madison also argued the Constitution made no provision for a national bank. Hamilton would convince Washington and a majority in Congress to accept his views and the federal government established the Bank of the United States.

33. Partisan Politics United States faced difficult foreign policy challenges during the presidencies of Washington and Adams.

34. Washington’s Foreign Policy French Revolution started shortly after Washington was inaugurated in 1789. Americans were divided over the French Revolution. Federalists opposed violence. Republicans supported it because it was fight for liberty. Why did Washington choose neutrality in the war between Britain and France? To avoid both war with Britain and breaking the treaty with France.

35. Why did Washington choose neutrality in the war between Britain and France? Issued a proclamation stating that the United States would remain friendly and impartial between the two countries and to avoid war with Britain and breaking the treaty with France.

36. What did the British do to cause Washington to send John Jay to Britain? The British intercepted neutral ships, including American ships carrying goods to French ports. Washington hoped to avoid another war with the British.

37. Jay’s Treaty What did this treaty do? Gave Britain the right to seize American cargo heading for French ports. The British gave the U.S. most-favored nation status. This meant that American merchants would not be discriminated against trade with Britain. Treaty would prevent war and protect American economy.

38. What country was concerned about Jay’s Treaty with the British? Spain thought the U.S. and Great Britain might join forces and take over the Spanish holdings in North America. So who would negotiate a treaty with Spain? Thomas Pinckney

39. What was the result of the Pinckney Treaty? The treaty would give the United States the right to navigate the Mississippi River and deposit goods in New Orleans. Who supported this treaty? Western farmers

40. Westward Expansion

41. Americans moved to areas between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River. This move would cause tensions with who? Native Americans

42. Who formed a confederacy of several Native American groups against the white settlers? Little Turtle- Chief of the Miami people of Northwest Territory

43. 12 Native America nations signed what in 1795? Treaty of Greenville- What did this treaty provide? Native Americans gave up parts of what is Ohio and Indiana in exchange for a yearly payment of $10,000 from the federal government. Allowed more settlers to move into the region.

44. Washington Leaves Office Why did Washington leave office? Irritated by party politics Attacks on his character.

45. Washington’s Farewell Address What did Washington include in his address? Avoid sectionalism- dividing country into North and South and East and West. Warned against political parties becoming too attached to any foreign nation.

46. In 1796 what would happen in the area of politics? The United States presidential election of 1796 was the first contested American presidential election and the first one to elect a President and Vice-President from opposing tickets, exposing potential flaws in the original Elector College system.

47. Federalist supported John Adams Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson Who won? John Adams 71 to 68

48. After winning the presidency Adams would be faced with troubled both at home and abroad. Outraged by Jay’s Treaty the French started stopping American ships and seizing their goods. Many of the Federalist called for war against France. Adams like Washington did not want to involve the United States in a war with France.

49. Adams would send Charles Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to negotiate with France. After weeks of waiting the three agents representing Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, the French minister of foreign affairs, approached the Americans. He would asked for a $250,000 bribe just initiate the talks and he also sought a loan from America for $12 million.

50. Americans called the French effort to get bribes the XYZ Affair. In 1798 Congress suspended trade with France and directed the Navy to capture armed French ships. The nations were soon fighting and undeclared war at sea that came to be known as the Quasi-War.

51. In the fall of 1798 France proposed new negotiations. In September 0f 1800 the two countries signed the Convention of 1800. In this agreement the U.S. gave up all claims against France for damages to American shipping. In return the French released the U.S. from the Treaty of 1778.

52. At the height of public anger at France in 1798 the Federalist pushed four laws through Congress. What were the laws? Alien and Sedition Acts The first three laws were aimed at who? Aliens Other two dealt with sedition. 1

53. The Federalists knew many immigrants had come from France and Ireland. These immigrants were often anti- British and tended to vote for the Republican Party once they became citizens. The first law required immigrants to wait 14 years before becoming citizens.

54. The next two laws gave the President the power to deport without trial any alien deemed dangerous to the United States. The fourth law was aimed at preventing sedition or incitement to rebellion. Made it a federal law to utter or print anything false or scandalous and malicious against the federal government or any officer of the government. In short the act kept citizens from criticizing public officials.

55. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions These two states passed resolutions which were secretly written by Jefferson and Madison, criticizing Alien-Sedition Acts.

56. Virginia Resolutions This introduced interposition- What is this? That if the federal government did something unconstitutional the state could interpose between the federal government and the people and stop the illegal action.

57. Kentucky Resolution Advance the theory of nullification- What is this? The theory states that if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law the states had the right to nullify the law or declare it invalid.

58. Election of 1800 Was closely contested and revealed a flaw in the system for selecting a president. Each state chooses electors who cast two votes, one for president and one for vice- president. In election of 1800 two candidates Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr each had same number of electoral votes.

59. How did they determine who was elected president? According to the Constitution, the House of Representative votes for the president when there is a tie. Hamilton urged his followers in the Federalist Party to vote for Jefferson, leading to another tie in the House. Finally in February 1801, Jefferson promised to not dismantle Hamilton's financial system. Jefferson won the presidency by one vote.

60. Most Federalists voted for Burr in order to block Jefferson from the presidency, and the result was a week of deadlock. Alexander Hamilton, who thought Burr was far more dangerous to the United States than Jefferson, intervened on Jefferson's behalf to allow Jefferson to ascend to the presidency. Alexander Hamilton This intervention helped fuel Hamilton's feud with Burr, leading to Hamilton's death in the Burr-Hamilton duel in 1804.Burr-Hamilton duel

61. Mudslinging As a result, Federalist newspapers claimed that the election of Jefferson would cause the "teaching of murder robbery, rape, adultery and incest".

62. Jefferson in Office As president, Jefferson worked to limit the scope of the federal government, obtain the Louisiana Territory, and keep the United States out of European wars.

63. Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson referred to his election as the Revolution of 1800. He felt that Washington and Adams had acted too much like royalty and tried to create a less formal style presidency. So what approach did Jefferson take to the presidency? Informal He rode a horse rather than riding in a carriage. Invited people to dinner at a round table rather than formal receptions.

64. Jefferson tried to integrate Republican ideas into policies that the Federalist had already put in place. He was a strong believer in small government and hoped to limit the scope of the federal government.

65. Jefferson began paying off the federal debt, cut government spending and did away with the whiskey tax. He wanted to use a local militia instead of a standing army. Jefferson’s appointment of Albert Gallatin to Secretary of Treasury reassured the federalist that Jefferson would not dismantled the national bank.

66. Rise of the Supreme Court Judiciary Act of 1801 passed by the Federalist majority, created 16 new federal judges. Before he left office, Adams appointed Federalist to these positions. Jefferson and Republicans were not pleased with the Federalist control of the courts. When Jefferson took office, Congress would repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801 doing away with the “midnight judges” and their offices.

67. The impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase established clear guidelines that judges could not be removed from office simply because Congress disagreed with their decisions.

68. Adams appointed John Marshall as Chief Justice. He would serve 34 years and was responsible for making the Supreme Court a powerful independent branch of the federal government.

69. Marbury v Madison Marbury v. Madison, (1803) is a landmark case in United States law and the basis for the exercise of judicial review of Federal statutes by the Supreme Court of the United States under Article Three of the United States Constitution.Supreme Court of the United StatesArticle Three of the United States Constitution

70. Jefferson became President on March 4, 1801, and the new Secretary of State was James Madison. When Marbury and three others asked Madison for their commissions, the Secretary of State, acting under orders from President Jefferson, refused to deliver the commissions. Marbury and the others then turned to the Supreme Court, asking it to issue a writ of mandamus ordering Secretary of State Madison to turn over the commissions. (A writ of mandamus is a court order directing a public official to perform his or her public duties. It applies to duties that an office holder is required by law to perform—rather than acts within the discretion of the office holder.)

71. Judicial Review- Power to decide whether laws passed by Congress were constitutional and to strike down laws that were not.

72. Jefferson supported the idea of expanding the country farther west, he believed that a republic could only survive if the people owned land. In 1800 French leader Napoleon Bonaparte convinced Spain to give Louisiana back to France in exchange for helping Spain take control of part of Italy.

73. Jefferson would send Robert Livingston his ambassador to France to block the deal or at least gain concessions for the United States. Napoleon did not war with United States and Great Britain. France was short of funds. This caused Napoleon in 1803 to sell all of the Louisiana Territory to the United States.

74. The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition by the United States of about 530,000,000 acres (828,000 sq mi or 2,100,000 km²) of territory from France in 1803, at the cost of about 3¢ per acre totaling US$15 million. Including interest, America finally paid $23,213,568 for the Louisiana territory. It doubled the size of the United States. United Statesacressq mikm² FranceUS$

75. Jefferson had secretly funded an expedition into the Louisiana territory led by whom? Meriwether Lewis and William Clark- *** Who would join them and become guide and interpreter? Sacagawea- Shoshone Woman- **** This trip would increase American knowledge of the new territory and later give the United States claim to the Oregon Territory.

76. Zebulon Pike Explored much of the upper Mississippi, Arkansas and, Colorado Rivers. His trips provided Americans with first look at the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains.

77. Rising Tensions During his 2 nd term in office, Jefferson focused on keeping the United States out of war with Great Britain and France.

78. Madison was hoping to avoid war with Great Britain. To get the British to stop seizing American ships, Madison asked Congress to pass the Non –Intercourse Act**- this would ban trade with France and England while authorizing the president to reopen trade with which ever country removed its restriction first.-

79. The plan known as Macon’s Bill Number Two **reopened trade with both Britain and France, but if either country dropped restrictions on trade, the U.S. would stop importing goods from the other nation.

80. Napoleon announced that France would no longer restrict American trade, but it would still seize American ship. Madison hoped this would force the British into dropping trade restrictions as well. Britain refused forcing Congress to pass a non-importation act against the British. In 1812 Britain finally ended all restriction on American trade. Two days later however the United States Congress declared war on Great Britain.

81. War of 1812-1815-**

82. Most of the Congressmen who voted for war where from what regions of the U.S.? South/West What were these Congressmen called that were in favor of war? WAR HAWKS

83. Americans in the South and West favored war because British trade restrictions had hurt Southern planters and Western farmers. They also felt the British were to blame for the clashes with Native Americans.

84. The increasing demand of speculators and settlers sparked Native Americans resistance. Tecumseh a Shawnee leader wanted the Native Americans to unite to protect their lands.

85. William Henry Harrison Governor of Indiana Territory prepared to stop Tecumseh’s movement. The Battle of Tippecanoe had no clear winner but it shattered Native American confidence in their leadership.

86. Invasion of Canada The Republican-led Congress declared war, but country was not ready to fight. Insufficient troops and equipment a division over war and financial concerns all added to the problems. Madison ordered the military to invade Canada anyway.

87. Commodore Oliver Perry Secretly arranged for the construction of a fleet off the coast of Lake Erie. On September 10, 1813 the fleet attacked the British fleet on Lake Erie. "We have met the enemy and they are ours" "Hero of Lake Erie"

88. War Ends After the British war with France had come to an end in 1814. British sent troops to the United States- Hoped this would force the United States to sign a peace treaty.

89. British Invade Washington In 1814 the British fleet landed troops in Washington, D.C. The capital seized and Madison and other official fled. White House and Capitol were both set fire. British justified the burning in retaliation to the U.S. attack on York (Toronto) ****

90. Battle of New Orleans Less than a month after the Hartford Convention an American victory in the south would put a stop to Federalists complaints. In 1815 a British fleet landed near New Orleans.

91. Battle of New Orleans This battle would make who a national hero? Andrew Jackson What was his nickname? OLE HICKORY

92. The Battle of New Orleans, also known as the Battle of Chalmette Plantation, took place on January 8, 1815, at the end of the War of 1812, when the American forces under General Andrew Jackson decisively defeated an invading British army intent on seizing New Orleans and control of the Mississippi River.

93. Contrary to popular misconception, the battle was not fought after the war was over. The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814 but did not take effect until ratified by both parties. The reason the war did not end with the signing of the treaty is because it was only an agreement between the negotiators on both sides. Both governments had to approve the agreement before it could take effect.

94. The War of 1812 restored what to Americans? Feelings of strong patriotism- this is known as what? Nationalism When, where and who wrote the Star Spangle Banner? September 13, 1814, Ft. McHenry, and Francis Scott Key, was written as a poem.

95. Who saved valuables when the White House was begin burned by the British during the War of 1812? Dolly Madison****

96. On March 26, 1814 Andrew Jackson fought what native American tribe in Alabama killing some 800 of 1,000? Battle of Horseshoe Bend*****