1. Imagine… If YOU wanted to unite Canada, U.S.A., and Mexico to be one Mega Country…. –What would be the benefits? –What would be the obstacles faced? –What would you need to do?

2. Reasons to Unify: 1. Cultural & Racial preservation 2. Spread of NATIONALISM. 3. Congress of Vienna- made other countries bigger. Becomes threatening. 4. Fear - Scared of war with other industrialized countries.

3. Nationalism unified because of their shared sense of cultural identity… what do these states have in common? Language History Religion

4. Unification of Italy 1830 - 1870 Pg 338-342 in the textbook You will learn about THREE men and what THEY did to unify many different states to become the country of ITALY.

5. 1810 Padre Hidalgo issues Grito de Dolores, calling for Mexican independence. 1830 Greece gains independence. 1848 Liberal revolutions shake Europe. 1861 Russia frees peasants. 1804 Haiti wins freedom from France. 1870 Italy unites. 1871 Wilhelm I crowned Kaiser of united Germany. 17891900 Major political events in 1800s

6. Throughout the early 1800’s Europeans, including Italians, revolted against the governments established by the Congress of Vienna Italian Unification 1848 Revolts against the Old Order 1821 1830 Greece rebels against Ottoman Turks. Liberals revolt in the German states. Hungarians call for self-government Czechs demand independence for Bohemia. French demand democratic government. Italians try to unite. Belgians declare independence from the Dutch. Poles rebel against Russia. French throw out Charles X.

7. Between 1830 and 1848, Italians tried several times to overthrow foreign monarchs who controlled parts of their country, but they were unsuccessful. Italy was eventually successfully unified in 1870 through two efforts, one in the north and one in the south. The motivation for Italian unification was increasing nationalism Italian Unification A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country, and its language, culture and history

8. Italian Unification The Italian kingdoms were divided into 9 separate states by the Congress of Vienna The three main states were Sardinia, Sicily and the Papal States

9. Giuseppe Mazzini –The “heart” of Italian reunification –Starting in 1831, he wrote many articles and gave speeches in favor of Italian reunification –Founded “Young Italy,” a secret society that wanted a free nation The unification of Italy would take more than just words, however. It occurred through efforts in both northern Italy and southern Italy. Mazzini said- “Ideas grow quickly, when watered by the blood of martyrs.” The beginnings of Italian Unification

10. Mazzini

11. Count Camilo Benso di Cavour –The “brain” of Italian unification –Prime Minister of Sardinia –Worked to improve economy –Used money to strengthen Sardinia’s army –From 1852 - 1859, he gradually took over the northern states of Italy –Smart guy… Allies with Britain & France against Russia Cons the French to help him beat the Austrians and expand land. Northern Unification

12. Count Cavour

13. Giuseppe Garibaldi –The “sword” of Italian unification –His army was nicknamed the “Red Shirts” –Led his army to victory over French forces in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1860 - 1861 –Gave the territory to the King of Sardinia Southern Unification

14. Garibaldi

15. Led the “Red Shirt” army Southern Unification

16. 1861 – Northern and Southern Italy are united 1866 – the northern province of Venetia is added 1870 – Papal States are the last area added to Italy –Rome is made the nation’s capital Italy was unified and King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia was declared its king. Italian Unification

17. Italian unification was accomplished over several decades For Italy in the 1800s, nationalism had positive effects.

18. But just like if we had “mega country (Canada/US/Mexico) not everything would be great! In class we will discuss the challenges that the new country faced.