1. The Invention of the Teenager
Tara Fredenburg & Stuart Thompson

2. Introduction Definition of “teenager” Child Labor Practices
The Automobile
Marriage, relationships, and freedom
Flappers
High School
Leopold and Loeb

3. “Teenager” was a general definition for an adolescent who was part of the group attending high school, driving automobiles, and “dating” rather than “courting.”

4. Child Labor Practices
Children had been working in dangerous factory conditions during the Industrial Revolution, but in the 1920s, this began to change. After the stock market crashed, Americans figured that jobs should go to adults rather than children.
Child Labor laws began to arise in several states slowly, and with the use of machinery, adolescents generally were not seen as a necessity in the workplace.
This was one of the factors which led to the gap between the “child” and the “adult.”

5. The Automobile
The automobile, a new form of transportation, led to the concept of freedom on a different level. Now that teenagers had the means to go other places, parental supervision was not quite as strict.
The automobile also contributed to a change in the perception of romantic relationships.

6. Marriage & Relationships
This new freedom presented to teenagers allowed them to go from “courting” to “dating” one another.
In the past, the process of courtship involved the boy meeting the girl’s entire family.
But in the 20s, alone-time became more common and dating became more casual.
Teens embraced the idea of erotic interaction, without babies and marriage.
Sometimes even having full parties dedicated to this “petting”
Most of the adults of the time would equate this to sex, teens would not judge others who did this.

7. Flappers
After the 19th Amendment was put in place, women could vote and began to attend college. Personal fulfillment finally became a priority. Flappers were women who cut their hair, wore short dresses, and embraced newfound freedoms.

8. Flapper culture was not simply about fashion, it was a rebellion against social norms which had dictated female expression in the past.
Most of the flapper fashion evolved from ease. Shorter dresses and hair were easier to manage on a night out. Straight, shapeless dresses “blurred the line between the rich and everyone else.” (The Society Pages)
Teenage Flappers “
The Flapper awoke from her lethargy of sub-deb-ism, bobbed her hair, put on her choicest pair of earrings and a great deal of audacity and rouge and went into the battle. She flirted because it was fun to flirt and wore a one-piece bathing suit because she had a good figure, she covered her face with powder and paint because she didn’t need it and she refused to be bored chiefly because she wasn’t boring. She was conscious that the things she did were the things she had always wanted to do. Mothers disapproved of their sons taking the Flapper to dances, to teas, to swim and most of all to heart. She had mostly masculine friends, but youth does not need friends—it needs only crowds.” --Zelda Fitzgerald

9. Establishment of High School
Around 1880, high schools were established to prepare kids for college and by 1910, they had evolved into the common core education today’s is based on.
7% of youths were enrolled in % were enrolled by 1920.
More schools were built across the country and families moved to be within reach of education centers.
Increased time in school led to youths spending time together and finding commonalities as well as the creation of a new culture for people between the stages of “adult” and “child.” A new generally-accepted stage of life- the “teenager”- was made.

10. Leopold and Loeb
Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb were upper class teenagers who attended the University of Chicago.
Richard Loeb was admitted into the University of Chicago at the age of 14 and became friends with 15-year-old Nathan Leopold
They were psychologically the same, but Loeb was much more handsome and socially adept than Leopold.
Leopold was in love with Loeb and they had an intimate relationship.
In 1923 at 17 Loeb became the University of Chicago’s youngest graduate.
Richard Loeb

11. Leopold and Loeb Murder
Loeb was obsessed with committing the perfect crime.
They spent months discussing and refining a plan that included kidnapping the child of a wealthy parents, demanding a ransom, and collecting the ransom after it was thrown off a moving train as it passed a designated point
Their unfortunate target was 14-year-old Bobby Franks, a cousin of Loeb
Lured into the car, Franks was hit over the head with a chisel by his cousin and gagged before being hidden under some blankets in the back seat. After depositing Franks' body in a culvert at nearby Wolf Lake, Loeb and Leopold delivered a ransom note to the boy's father, Jacob Franks.
Nathan Leopold

12. Leopold and Loeb Trial Clarence Darrow
Unknown to the two criminals, Leopold’s eyeglasses were found at the scene of the crime and were traced back to him
Clarence Darrow was hired as their defense attorney
Choosing to enter a guilty plea in order to remove a jury from the proceedings and have a judge determine the verdict, Darrow sought to portray his clients as "mentally ill," their actions driven by traumatic events from childhood.
They were spared from the death penalty on September 10, 1924, receiving a life sentence for murder and 99 years for kidnapping.
Richard Loeb died in 1936, and Leopold received his parole in 1958, dying in 1971
Clarence Darrow

13. Sources
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