2. By: A.Stonkus

3. Rennaisance means “rebirth” Rennaisance means “rebirth” The Renaissance took place in different countries at different times — it hit the Italian city-states first. The Renaissance spread to outlying areas of Europe by the late 15th century. The result of the Black Death and other plagues was that decreased population-even the poorest peasants found it easier to earn their living. For investors, the lowered prices for food meant that neither land nor cloth-making, the traditional investment sources, were attractive the money was to be made in luxury items.

4. Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? The Renaissance began in Italy, and owed much of its character to the peculiar nature of Italian society. Italy, which was composed a bunch of sovereign, self running city-states, was the hub of trade with the Byzantine Empire and the East. The Italian city-states were different from much of Europe — they were far more urban and cosmopolitan. Nearly 1 in 4 Italians lived in cities. The ratio was 1 in 10 elsewhere. By 1500, seven of the ten largest cities in the west were in Italy. Naples, Venice and Milan all had populations of over 100,000. (The average European town had 5,000). Venice was one of the greatest powers on earth, a center for international trade and finance. Merchant families were able to turn their wealth into political power, and dominate the city-states.

5. Art of the Rennaisance The urban quality of Italian life also led to need for civic architecture on a grand scale --for piazzas, cathedrals, etc. Renaissance art style emerged, with Florence leading the way. In architecture — the ceiling of Sistine Chapel was painted, St. Peter's in Rome was built, with the largest dome ever constructed, and the Cathedral at Florence was built.  Renaissance was defined by an increased focus on optimism and the dignity of man, as opposed to the medieval, religious-based pessimism. The Renaissance was not anti-religious. Much Renaissance art was religious in theme.

6. Humanism In addition to the focus on art and beauty, the Renaissance was also known as an intellectual revival Gutenberg’s movable press had been introduced to the West in the 1450s —by 1500, there were printing presses across Europe. Although the bulk of the best-sellers were religious works (the presses would have an impact on the coming Reformation), classical works and Renaissance writings were also printed. The printing press helped make believable the highest ideal of the Renaissance: the "Renaissance Man" (or woman) who has achieved mastery all the fields of learning, and can do all things well. By the Renaissance, to be cultured, you would need to be versed in many intellectual and artistic disciples. The best example of the Renaissance ideals was Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, sculptor, and inventor, and was also interested in medicine and anatomy, and science.

7. Art and Patronage Italians were willing to spend a lot of money on art. / Art communicated social, political, and spiritual values. / Italian banking & international trade interests had the money. Public art in Florence was organized and supported by guilds. Therefore, the consumption of art was used as a form of competition for social & political status!

9. 1. Realism & Expression Expulsion from the Garden Masaccio 1427 First nudes since classical times.

10. 2. Perspective Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! First use of linear perspective! Perspective! Perspective! The Trinity Masaccio 1427 What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.

11. 3. Classicism Greco-Roman influence. Secularism. Humanism. Individualism  free standing figures. Symmetry/Balance The “Classical Pose” Medici “Venus” (1c)

12. 4. Emphasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.

13. Isabella d’Este – da Vinci, 1499 1474-1539 “First Lady of the Italian Renaissance.” Great patroness of the arts. Known during her time as “First Lady of the World!”

14. 5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as architecture!

15. 6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges Chiaroscuro Sfumato

16. 7. Artists as Personalities/Celebrities Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects Giorgio Vasari 1550

18. Renaissance Florence The Wool Factory by Mirabello Cavalori, 1570 The Wool Factory by Mirabello Cavalori, 1570 1252 – first gold florins minted 1252 – first gold florins minted Florentine lion: symbol of St. Mark Florentine lion: symbol of St. Mark

19. Lorenzo the Magnificent 1478 - 1521 Cosimo de Medici 1517 - 1574

20. Florence Under the Medici Medici Chapel Medici Chapel The Medici Palace

21. Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 - 1436 Architect Cuppolo of St. Maria del Fiore

22. Filippo Brunelleschi Commissioned to build the cathedral dome. / Used unique architectural concepts.  He studied the ancient Pantheon in Rome.  Used ribs for support.

23. Brunelleschi’s Dome

24. Comparing Domes

25. Other Famous Domes Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

26. Disaster Dome The Sky Dome, built by the taxpayers of Ontario for 600 million dollars, given to Ted Rogers for 25 million

27. The Ideal City Piero della Francesca, 1470

28. A Contest to Decorate the Cathedral: Sacrifice of Isaac Panels BrunelleschiGhiberti

29. Ghiberti – Gates of Paradise Baptistry Door, Florence – 1425 - 1452 The Winner!

30. David by Donatello 1430 First free-form bronze since Roman times! The Liberation of Sculpture

31. David Verrocchio 1473 - 1475 David Verrocchio 1473 - 1475

33. Vitruvian Man Leonardo da Vinci 1492 The L’uomo universale

34. The Renaissance “Man” Broad knowledge about many things in different fields. Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge. The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.

35. 1. Self-Portrait -- da Vinci, 1512 1452 - 1519 Artist Sculptor Architect Scientist Engineer Inventor

36. Leonardo, the Artist The Virgin of the Rocks Leonardo da Vinci 1483-1486

37. Leonardo, the Artist: From hisNotebooks of over 5000 pages (1508-1519)

38. Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4

39. A Macaroni Mona Parody  The Best Form of Flattery?

40. A Picasso Mona

41. An Andy Warhol Mona

42. A “Mona”ca Lewinsky

43. Mona Lisa OR da Vinci??

44. The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 & Geometry

45. horizontal vertical Perspective! The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498

46. Detail of Jesus The Last Supper Leonardo da Vinci 1498 Deterioration

47. A Da Vinci “Code”: St. John or Mary Magdalene?

48. Leonardo, the Sculptor An Equestrian Statue 1516-1518

49. Leonardo, the Architect: Pages from his Notebook Study of a central church. 1488

50. Leonardo, the Architect: Pages from his Notebook Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.

51. Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology): Pages from his Notebook An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature.

52. Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): Pages from his Notebook

53. Leonardo, the Inventor: Pages from his Notebook

54. Man Can Fly?

55. A study of siege defenses. Studies of water-lifting devices. Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his Notebook

57. 2. Michelangelo Buonorrati 1475 – 1564 He represented the body in three dimensions of sculpture.

58. David Michelangelo Buonarotti 1504 Marble

59.  15c 16c  What a difference a century makes!

60. The Pieta Michelangelo Buonarroti 1499 marble The Popes as Patrons of the Arts

61. The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512

62. The Sistine Chapel’s Ceiling Michelangelo Buonarroti 1508 - 1512

63. The Sistine Chapel Details The Creation of the Heavens

64. The Sistine Chapel Details Creation of Man

65. A Modern “Adaptation” Joe Gallo in the New York Daily News, 2004

66. The Sistine Chapel Details The Fall from Grace

67. The Sistine Chapel Details The Last Judgment

68. Baldassare Castiglione by Raphael, 1514-1515 Castiglione represented the humanist “gentleman” as a man of refinement and self-control.

69. Perspective!Perspective! Betrothal of the Virgin Raphael1504

70. Raphael’s Canagiani Madonna, 1507

71. Raphael’s Madonnas (1) Sistine Madonna Madonna Madonna

72. Madonna della Sedia Alba Madonna Raphael’s Madonnas (2)

73. The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 One point perspective. All of the important Greek philosophers and thinkers are included  all of the great personalities of the Seven Liberal Arts! A great variety of poses. Located in the papal apartments library. Raphael worked on this commission simultaneously as Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel. No Christian themes here.

74. The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 Raphael Da Vinci Michelangelo

75. Aristotle: looks to this earth [the here and now]. Plato: looks to the heavens [or the IDEAL realm]. The School of Athens – Raphael, details

76. Averroes Hypatia Pythagoras

77. Zoroaster Ptolemy Euclid

78. The Liberation of St. Peter by Raphael, 1514

79. Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512 More concerned with politics than with theology. The “Warrior Pope.” Great patron of Renaissance artists, especially Raphael & Michelangelo. Died in 1513

80. Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio deMedici and Luigi De Rossi by Raphael, 1518-1519 A Medici Pope. He went through the Vatican treasury in a year! His extravagances offended even some cardinals [as well as Martin Luther!]. Sold indulgences.

81. Birth of Venus – Botticelli, 1485 An attempt to depict perfect beauty.

82. Botticelli’s Venus Motif. 10¢ Italian Euro coin. 2002 Euro Coin

83. Botticelli Botticelli Depicted classical gods as almost naked and life-size.

84. A Portrait of Savonarola By Fra Bartolomeo, 1498. Dominican friar who decried money and power. Anti-humanist  he saw humanism as too secular, hedonistic, and corrupting. The “Bonfire of the Vanities,” 1497. /Burned books, artwork, jewelry, and other luxury goods in public. /Even Botticelli put some of his paintings on the fire!!

85. The Execution of Savonarola, 1452

87. Venus of Urbino – Titian, 1558

88. The Penitent Mary Magdalene by Titian, 1533 By the mid-16c, High Renaissance art was declining. Mannerism became more popular. This painting is a good example of this new artistic style.

89. Michelangelo, Leonardo, Donatello and Raphael