THE HEIGHT OF IMPERIALISM

THE HEIGHT OF IMPERIALISM
CHAPTER 14

14-1 COLONIAL RULE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
WORLD EVENTS WHAT’S GOING ON IN THE WORLD?

WORDS OF THE DAY CANDOR – PG. 432 ASSIMILATE – PG. 442 FUTILE – PG. 451 PERIL – PG. 453

WARM UPS WHAT WERE THE FIVE PRIMARY MOTIVATIONS FOR THE “NEW IMPERIALISM”? WHY DID THE SLAVE TRADE DECLINE IN THE 1880S? HOW WAS BRITISH RULE DEGRADING TO INDIANS? HOW DID NAPOLEON’S WARS AFFECT LATIN AMERICA?

THE NEW IMPERIALISM WESTERN EXPANSION INTO ASIA AND AFRICA WHY? RAW MATERIALS AND A MARKET FOR GOODS NEW TYPES OF TRADE FOR THE EUROPEANS – OIL, TIN, RUBBER IMPERIALISM – THE EXTENSION OF A NATION’S POWER OVER OTHER LANDS TRADING AND MISSIONARY WORK TRADING POSTS HAD ALREADY BEEN SET UP BUT NOW YOU HAVE NEW IMPERIALISM – DIRECT CONTROL OVER CERTAIN AREAS

*WHY DID WESTERNERS WANT TO INCREASE THEIR COLONIES AFTER 1880? 1. ECONOMIC - CAPITALIST STATES WERE LOOKING FOR A.) MARKETS AND B.) RAW MATERIALS FOR THEIR MARKETS 2. POLITICAL POWER - THEY WANTED TO CONTROL THESE AREAS AS WELL 3. PRESTIGE - DUE TO EUROPEAN RIVALRIES, NATION-STATES WANTED TO ACQUIRE COLONIES TO GAIN AN ADVANTAGE OVER OTHER NATIONS 4. RACIAL SUPERIORITY - SOCIAL DARWINISM/RACISM 5. MORAL RESPONSIBILITY - MORAL AND RELIGIOUS RESPONSIBILITY TO CIVILIZE PRIMITIVE PEOPLE "WHITE MAN'S BURDEN"

THEY BELIEVED THAT THEY SHOULD HELP THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA AND ASIA HOW? BRINGING A CHRISTIAN MESSAGE AND BENEFITS OF A WESTERN DEMOCRACY AND CAPITALISM COLONIAL TAKEOVER IN SE ASIA IN 1900 ALMOST ALL OF SE ASIA WAS UNDER WESTERN RULE GREAT BRITAIN GREAT BRITAIN STARTED THIS OFF *SIR THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES – SINGAPORE – “CITY OF THE LION”

THIS BECAME A MAJOR STOPPING POINT FOR PEOPLE GOING TO OR COMING FROM CHINA BURMA WAS THE NEXT AREA THAT BRITAIN TOOK OVER WHY? *IN ORDER TO PROTECT THEIR POSSESSIONS IN INDIA THEY ALSO WANTED TO ESTABLISH A LAND ROUTE FROM BURMA TO SOUTH CHINA THE TERRAIN ALONG THE AREA CAUSED THIS TO FAIL BUT BRITISH ACTIVITIES IN BURMA CAUSED ITS COLLAPSE

FRANCE FRANCE WAS NERVOUS WHEN BRITAIN MOVED INTO BURMA FRANCE HAD MISSIONARIES THERE THE MISSIONARIES WERE PERSECUTED BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES BECAUSE OF THEIR CHRISTIAN VIEWS WHY? IT WAS A THREAT TO CONFUCIANISM VIETNAM FAILED TO STOP THE CHRISTIANS INTERNAL RIVALRIES IN VIETNAM DIVIDED IT INTO TWO SEPARATE GOVS – NORTH AND SOUTH

FRANCE WAS STILL WORRIED ABOUT BRITAIN – MONOPOLIZING TRADE SO FRANCE FORCED VIETNAM INTO A *PROTECTORATE TO STOP BRITAIN FROM MOVING INTO IT *A POLITICAL UNIT THAT DEPENDS ON ANOTHER GOVERNMENT FOR ITS PROTECTION THE FRENCH SLOWLY TOOK OVER CITIES IN VIETNAM FRANCE EXTENDED ITS RULE – CAMBODIA, ANNAM, TONKIN, LAOS – UNION OF FRENCH INDOCHINA

THAILAND THE EXCEPTION AFTER INDOCHINA WAS FORMED, THAILAND WAS THE ONLY REMAINING FREE STATE IN SE ASIA BRITAIN AND FRANCE WERE BOTH VYING FOR THIS AREA TWO RULERS KEPT THIS FROM HAPPENING 1. KING MONGKUT AND 2. KING CHULALONGKORN *BRITAIN AND FRANCE AGREED TO USE THAILAND AS A BUFFER STATE

UNITED STATES FINAL CONQUEST IN SE ASIA WAS BY THE U.S. 1898 THE U.S. NAVY LED BY COMMODORE GEORGE DEWEY DEFEATED SPAIN IN MANILA BAY AFTER THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR PRES. MCKINLEY BELIEVED IN “CIVILIZING” OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD THUS, HE TURNED THE PHILIPPINES INTO AN AMERICAN COLONY

WHAT OTHER REASONS COULD THERE HAVE BEEN? 1. THIS KEPT JAPAN AWAY FROM THIS AREA 2. THIS WAS A STARTING POINT FOR TRADE WITH CHINA (ECONOMIC) DID THE FILIPINOS WANT TO BECOME AN AMERICAN COLONY? NO HOW DID THE FILIPINOS RESIST? EMILIO AGUINALDO LED AN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT

HE BEGAN THE REVOLT AGAINST THE SPANISH HE CONTINUED THE REVOLT AGAINST THE U.S. HE ASSUMED THE TITLE OF PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES AGUINALDO LED GUERRILLA FORCES TO FIGHT AGAINST THE U.S. THE U.S. WAS ABLE TO DEFEAT THEM NOW MCKINLEY HAS THE PHILIPPINES AS A STEPPING STONE INTO CHINESE MARKETS

INDIRECT AND DIRECT RULE EXPLOITATION OF THE COLONIES - 1. NATURAL RESOURCES 2. OPEN MARKETS INDIRECT RULE THERE WAS COOPERATION BETWEEN LOCAL OFFICIALS AND THE MOTHER COUNTRY LOCAL RULERS WERE ALLOWED TO MAINTAIN THEIR POSITIONS OF AUTHORITY AND STATUS HOW WAS THIS BENEFICIAL? 1. IT MADE IT EASIER FOR THE COLONIAL RULERS TO GAIN ACCESS TO THE REGION’S NATURAL RESCOURCES 2. IT LOWERED THE COST OF GOVERNMENT 3. IT DID NOT COMPLETELY DEVASTATE THE LOCAL CULTURE DUTCH EAST INDIES

NOW THERE WERE SOME LOCAL ELITES THAT RESISTED FOREIGN RULE THEY HAD TO BE REMOVED AND REPLACED BY OFFICIALS FROM THE MOTHER COUNTRY THUS, DIRECT RULE EX. BURMA THE MONARCH STAUNCHLY OPPOSED COLONIAL RULE INDOCHINA – USED BOTH DIRECT AND INDIRECT RULE

COLONIAL ECONOMIES *COLONIAL POWERS DID NOT WANT THE COLONISTS TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN INDUSTRIES THEREFORE THEY STRESSED EXPORTED RAW MATERIALS WHY? THIS LED TO PLANTATION AGRICULTURE THE PEASANTS WORKED AS WAGE LABORERS THEIR WAGES WERE KEPT AT POVERTY LEVEL PLANTATION CONDITIONS WERE UNHEALTHY THOUSANDS DIED

THERE WERE ALSO HIGH TAXES WAS THERE ANY GOOD THAT CAME FROM THIS? YES 1. THE START OF A MODERN ECONOMIC SYSTEM 2. BUILT RAILROADS AND HIGHWAYS 3. ENTREPRENEURIAL CLASS IN RURAL AREAS RESISTANCE TO COLONIAL RULE MANY PEOPLE WERE UNHAPPY SOMETIMES THE RULERS FOUGHT BACK AND OTHER TIMES THE PEOPLE FOUGHT BACK EX – VIETNAM CAN VUOUG – “SAVE THE KING” THERE WERE ALSO PEASANT REVOLTS MANY OF THESE FAILED

THERE WAS A CHANGE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY THERE WAS A NEW TYPE OF RESISTANCE – NATIONALISM WESTERNIZED INTELLECTUALS URBAN MIDDLE CLASS EDUCATED IN WESTERN STYLE SCHOOLS FOUGHT FOR ECONOMIC AND RELIGOUS ISSUES UNIVERSITY OF RANGOON LATER NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IMPERIALISM AND NEW IMPERIALISM? 2. WHAT WERE THE FIVE MOTIVES FOR NEW IMPERIALISM? 3. WHY WAS THAILAND NOT CONQUERED BY WESTERN NATIONS? 4. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDIRECT AND DIRECT RULE? 5. DESCRIBE THE UNITED STATES' ATTITUDE IN COLONIZING THE PHILIPPINES.

14-2EMPIRE BUILDING IN AFRICA
WEST AFRICA JUST ABOUT ALL OF WEST AFRICA IS GOING TO COME UNDER EUROPEAN CONTROL 1880 – 1900 WHY? THEIR RIVALRIES WITH EACH OTHER EVEN THOUGH THE SLAVE TRADE DECLINED DURING THIS TIME, EUROPEANS FOUND OTHER INTERESTS IN AFRICA NATURAL RESOURCES – PEANUTS, TIMBER, HIDES, PALM OIL WITH “NEW” IMPERIALISM, THEY WANTED A MORE PERMANENT PRESENCE THERE THEY ESTABLISHED SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE GOLD COAST AND SIERRA LEONE

THIS CAUSED PROBLEMS WITH THE AFRICAN GOVERNMENT AFRICA HELD ON TO ITS INDEPENDENCE AS LONG AS THEY COULD 1874 – GREAT BRITAIN ANNEXED THE WEST COASTAL STATES 1ST BRITISH COLONY OF THE GOLD COAST PROTECTORATE – OVER WARRING NIGERIAN GROUPS FRANCE – FRENCH WEST AFRICA GERMANY – TOGO, CAMEROON

NORTH AFRICA EGYPT GAINED ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AS THE EMPIRE BEGAN TO DECLINE MUHAMMAD ALI SEPARATE EGYPTIAN STATE HE BROUGHT MANY REFORMS 1. MODERN ARMY 2. PUBLIC SCHOOLS 3. SMALL INDUSTRIES

WITH THE DEVOLOPMENT OF STEAMSHIPS, THE NILE RIVER VALLEY BECAME VERY DESIRABLE FOR EUROPEANS WHY? *THEY WANTED TO BUILD A CANAL TO CONNECT THE MEDITERRANEAN AND RED SEAS FRENCH ENTREPRENEUR FERDINAND DE LESSEPS CONTRACTED THE BUILDING OF THE CANAL COMPLETED 1869

THE BRITISH TOOK A MAJOR INTEREST IN THE CANAL “LIFELINE TO INDIA” THEY BOUGHT EGYPT’S SHARE IN THE CANAL AFTER REVOLTS OVER THIS, EGYPT BECAME A BRITISH PROTECTORATE IN 1914 BRITAIN DIDN’T STOP THERE THEY ALSO WANTED CONTROL OF THE SUDAN WHY? *TO PROTECT THEIR INTERSTS IN EGYPT AND THE SUEZ BUT MUHAMMAD AHMAD “MAHDI” LAUNCHED A REVOLT AGAINST THIS HE TOOK THE SUDAN UNDER HIS CONTROL FROM 1881 UNTIL 1898

THE BRITISH SENT THE MILITARY TO RETAKE THIS AREA LED BY GENERAL CHARLES GORDON THE BRITISH WERE DEFEATED AND GORDON WAS EVENUTALLY KILLED BRITAIN WILL NOT GET CONTROL OF THIS AREA UNTIL 1898 FRANCE ALSO ESTABLISHED COLONIES IN NORTH AFRICA 1. TOOK CONTROL OF ALGERIA MADE TUNISIA AND MOROCCO A PROTECTORATE LASTLY ITALY TRIED TO COLONIZE THEY WERE DEFEATED BY ETHIOPIA HUMILIATED SEIZED TRIPOLI WHICH WAS RENAMED LIBYA

CENTRAL AFRICA EUROPEANS WERE ALSO INTERESTED IN THE TROPICAL JUNGLES OF CENTRAL AFRICA DAVID LIVINGSTONE HE EXPLORED THE INTERIOR AREA FOR OVER 30 YEARS HENRY STANLEY WAS SENT TO FIND HIM STANLEY CONTINUED LIVINGSTONE’S WORK AFTER HE DIED STANLEY HATED AFRICA, BUT HE TRIED TO ENCOURAGE SETTLEMENT ALONG THE CONGO RIVER BASIN

WHEN BRITAIN REFUSED, HE WENT TO BELGIUM KING LEOPOLD II SETTLEMENT AND PROFIT HE ESTABLISHED CONTROL OVER TERRITORIES AROUND THE CONGO FRANCE ESTABLISHED CONTROL IN AREAS FARTHER NORTH

EAST AFRICA 1885 – BRITAIN AND GERMANY ARE THE CHIEF RIVALS HERE OTTO VON BISMARCK WAS NOT A SUPPORTER OF COLONIZATION HIS VIEWS QUICKLY CHANGED WHY? TO MAKE THE PEOPLE HAPPY GERMANY ALREADY HAD COLONIES IN WEST AFRICA MOST OF EAST AFRICA AT THIS TIME WAS UNCLAIMED SO THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN A GOOD AREA FOR COLONIZATION BUT BRITAIN WANTED PARTS OF THIS AREA TO CONNECT THEIR EMPIRE IN SOUTH AFRICA TO EGYPT THE ISSUES BETWEEN BRITAIN AND GERMANY WERE SETTLED BY THE BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884 AND 1885 *NO AFRICAN DELEGATES WERE PRESENT

SOUTH AFRICA EUROPEAN COLONIZATION GREW RAPIDLY HERE WHITE POPULATION OF OVER 200,000 THE BOERS OR AFRIKANERS THE DESCENDANTS OF THE ORIGINAL DUTCH SETTLERS OCCUPIED CAPE TOWN THE BRITISH SEIZED THESE LANDS DURING THE NAPOLEONIC WARS THE BRITISH THEN ENCOURAGED SETTLEEMENT THERE – THE CAPE COLONY

THE BOERS FLED NORTH TO GET AWAY FROM BRITISH RULE THEY FORMED TWO REPUBLICS 1. ORANGE FREE STATE 2. THE TRANSVAAL LATER CALLED THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC THEY BELIEVED IN WHITE SUPERIORITY INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE PUT ON RESERVATIONS THE BOERS BATTLED THE ZULU UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF SHAKA ZULU, THE ZULU PEOPLE CREATED THEIR OWN EMPIRE ONCE THE BRITISH BECAME INVOLVED, THE ZULU WERE DEFEATED

BRITISH POLICY IN SOUTH AFRICA WAS LED BY CECIL RHODES HE CONTROLLED AN AREA IN THE NORTH – RHODESIA HE BELIEVED GOD WANTED HIM TO COLONIZE AFRICA FOR BRITAIN “FROM THE CAPE TO CAIRO” RAILROAD ALTHOUGH AMBITION IS GOOD, THIS BROUGHT ABOUT HIS DOWNFALL HOW? BOER WAR 1899 – 1902 THE BOERS USED GUERILLA WARFARE THUS, THE BRITISH BURNED CROPS AND PUT WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN DETENTION CAMPS EVENTUALLY THE BRITISH WON

1910 – UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA COMBINATION OF THE CAPE COLONY AND THE BOER REPUBLICS SELF GOVERNING NATION ONLY A FEW PROPERTIED AFRICANS COULD VOTE COLONIAL RULE IN AFRICA 1. LIBERIA – HOMELAND FOR FREED U.S. SLAVES 2. ETHIOPIA WERE THE ONLY TWO FREE STATES IN AFRICA WHY? EUROPEAN MILITARY SUPERIORITY

INDIRECT RULE WAS USED BY THE BRITISH WHENEVER POSSIBLE IT HAD PROS AND CONS WHAT WERE THEY? 1. IT DID NOT DISRUPT LOCAL CUSTOMS AND INSTITUTIONS 2. CLASS AND TRIBAL TENSIONS MOST OF THE OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS USED DIRECT RULE FRENCH THEY TRIED TO ASSIMILATE AFRICAN SUBJECTS INTO FRENCH CULTURE THIS OPENED THE DOOR FOR AFRICANS TO RUN FOR OFFICE

RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM 20TH CENTURY NEW CLASS OF LEADERS EDUCATED IN COLONIAL SCHOOLS OR WESTERN NATIONS WELL VERSED ABOUT THE WEST THEY ADMIRED WESTERN CULTURE WANTED TO INTRODUCE SOME OF IT TO THEIR OWN CULTURE AT THE SAME TIME THOUGH, THEY RESENTED THE FOREIGN TAKEOVER AND THE EUROPEAN CONTEMPT FOR THE AFRICAN PEOPLE

THEY LOOKED AT THE IDEALS OF DEMOCRACY AND EQUALITY ?????? NATIVES LOW PAYING JOBS THEY LOST THEIR FARMLAND EVEN THE MIDDLE CLASS WAS DISCRIMINATED AGAINST SEGREGATED CHURCHES, SCHOOLS

FROM THIS A MODERN NATIONALISM IS GOING TO BE CREATED NATIVES ORGANIZED POLIITCAL PARTIES AND MOVEMENTS TO END FOREIGN RULE

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. WHO WAS MUHAMMAD ALI? 2. WHY WAS THE NILE RIVER VALLEY SIGNIFICANT TO EUROPEANS? 3. WHO IS MUHAMMAD AHMAD? 4. IDENTIFY CECIL RHODES. WHAT BROUGHT ABOUT HIS DOWNFALL? 5. DURING COLONIZATION, WHAT WERE THE ONLY TWO FREE AFRICAN STATES?

14-3 BRITISH RULE IN INDIA 18th CENTURY
BRITISH RULE IN INDIA INCREASED BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY TOOK CONTROL OF INDIA’S MILITARY AND POLITICAL AFFAIRS HOW? SOLDIERS AND FORTS INDIAN SOLDIERS – SEPOYS DISTRUST GREW AMONG THE INDIANS THE GREAT REBELLION OR SEPOY MUTINY FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE WHAT STARTED THIS REBELLION?

14-3 BRITISH RULE IN INDIA 1. RUMOR OF BULLETS GREASED WITH PIG FAT AND COW FAT ??????? COWS WERE SACRED TO THE HINDUS PIGS WERE TABOO TO MUSLIMS *SOME SEPOYS REFUSED TO LOAD THEIR RIFLES WITH THE BULLETS THE BRITISH ARRESTED THEM THEY SEPOYS REACTED BY KILLING 50 EUROPEANS

14-3 BRITISH RULE IN INDIA THE REVOLT SPREAD QUICKLY, BUT IT WAS ALSO QUICKLY CRUSHED LOYAL INDIANS, BRITISH TROOPS THE INDIANS HAD A NUMBER ADVANTAGE BUT WERE NOT WELL ORGANIZED RIVALRIES BETWEEN THE HINDUS AND MUSLIMS KEPT THEM FROM WORKING TOGETHER KANPUR – INDIANS MASSACRED DEFENSELESS WOMEN AND CHILDREN HOUSE OF THE LADIES THE BRITISH TOOK REVENGE WHEN KANPUR WAS RECAPTURED

14-3 BRITISH RULE IN INDIA BECAUSE OF THIS, CONTROL OF INDIA MOVED DIRECTLY TO THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT 1876 – QUEEN VICTORIA EMPRESS OF INDIA “JEWEL IN THE CROWN” COLONIAL RULE BRITAIN RULED DIRECTLY THROUGH A VICEROY AND BRITISH STAFF BENEFITS 1. ORDER AND STABILITY 2. FAIRLY HONEST AND EFFICIENT GOVERNMENT 3. NEW SCHOOL SYSTEM – LORD MACAULAY UPPER CLASS – 90% REMAINED ILLITERATE 4. RAILROADS, TELEGRAPH, AND A POSTAL SERVICE

14-3 BRITISH RULE IN INDIA COSTS 1. ECONOMIC
THE BRITISH AND A FEW INDIANS PROSPERED BRITISH MANUFACTURING DESTROYED LOCAL BUSINESSES 2. TAXES ZAMINDARS COLLECTED TAXES THEY RAISED TAXES, FORCED SOME PEASANTS TO BECOME TENANTS, AND THREATENED TO TAKE THEIR LAND AWAY 3. ENCOURAGED COTTON PRODUCTION AS OPPOSED TO FOOD PRODUCTION 1800 TO MILLION INDIANS DIED OF STARVATION 4. DEGRADING BRITISH RULE THE BEST JOBS AND HOUSING WAS KEPT FOR THE BRITISH ARROGANCE – LORD KITCHENER PG. 451 TAJ MAHAL – EX.

14-3 BRITISH RULE IN INDIA AN INDIAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
THE 1ST NATIONALISTS WERE UPPER CLASS AND ENGLISH-EDUCATED MUMBAI, CHENNAI, CALCUTTA AT FIRST THEY PREFERRED REFORM BUT REFORM WAS TOO SLOW INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS INC DID NOT CALL FOR IMMEDIATE INDEPENDENCE *A SHARE IN THE GOVERNING PROCESS ULTIMATE GOAL - INDEPENCE BUT THEY HAD RELIGIOUS CONFLICT MANY OF THE LEADERS WERE HINDU HINDU AGENDA HINDU VS. MUSLIM MUSLIMS BEGAN TO CALL FOR A SEPARATE LEAGUE

14-3 BRITISH RULE IN INDIA MOHANDAS GANDHI IS GOING TO BREATHE NEW LIFE IN THE MOVEMENT HE HAD STUDIED IN LONDON BECAME A LAWYER HE PROMOTED NON VIOLENT RESISTANCE TO THE MOVEMENT EVENTUALLY THIS MOVEMENT LED TO INDIA’S INDEPENDENCE COLONIAL INDIAN CULTURE ALL OF THIS LED TO A POLITICAL AND CULTURAL AWAKENING A PUBLISHING HOUSE WAS OPENED TEXTBOOKS ON A VARIETY OF SUBJECTS AND IN VARIOUS LANGUAGES WERE CREATED

14-3 BRITISH RULE IN INDIA RABINDRANATH TAGORE MOST PROMINENT INDIAN AUTHOR WRITER, POET, EDUCATOR, SINGER, PAINTER, SOCIAL REFORMER HE ESTABLISHED AN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HE WROTE MAINLY WORKS DEALING WITH BRITISH RULE AND FOUGHT FOR WORLD PEACE

14-3 BRITISH RULE IN INDIA REVIEW
1. WHAT IMMEDIATELY STARTED THE SEPOY MUTINY? 2. WHAT HAPPENED AT KANPUR? 3. NAME THREE BENEFITS OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA. 4. NAME THREE NEGATIVE INFLUENCES BRITAIN BROUGHT INTO INDIA. 5. WHAT WAS THE INC? WHAT PROBLEMS DID IT HAVE?

14-4 NATION BUILDING IN LATIN AMERICA
NATIONALIST REVOLTS LATIN AMERICA SPARKED BY AMERICAN REVOLUTION WHAT’S GOING ON? SOCIAL CLASSES ARE BASED ON PRIVILEGE 3 GROUPS 1. PENINSULARES – TOP POSITIONS 2. CREOLES – CONTROLLED LAND AND BUSINESS – 2ND CLASS 3. MESTIZOS – SERVANTS AND LABORERS - LOWEST AND LARGEST CLASS

PRELUDE TO REVOLUTION CREOLES – DESCENDANTS OF EUROPEANS THAT WERE BORN IN LATIN AM AND STAYED PERMANENTLY EMBRACED REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS LEGAL EQUALITY, FREE PRESS, FREE TRADE THEY DISLIKED PORTUGAL AND SPAIN RULING OVER THEIR TRADE RESENTED THE PENSINSULARES SPANISH AND PORTUGEUSE OFFICIALS TEMPORARILY CAME TO LATIN AM POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC GAIN

CREOLES BEGAN TO DENOUNCE THE RULE OF THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE NAPOLEON’S WARS HELPED HOW? HE OVERTHREW THEIR MONARCHIES AUTHORITY WAS WEAKENED 1807 – 1825 A SERIES OF REVOLTS TOOK PLACE MOST OF LATIN AMERICA WOULD BE FREED *EX. – COLONY OF SAINT DOMINQUE HISPANIOLA FRANCOIS-DOMINIQUE TOUSSAINT-LOUVERTURE OVER 100,000 SLAVES REVOLTED HAITI DECLARED ITS INDEPENDENCE 1ST INDEPENDENT STATE IN LATIN AM

REVOLT IN MEXICO 1810 PARISH PRIEST MIGUEL HIDALGO STUDIED THE FRENCH REVOLUTION HE EXCITED THE LOCAL NATIVES AND MESTIZOS ABOUT INDEPENDENCE EUROPEAN AND NATIVE AM DESCENT THEY FOLLOWED HIDALGO’S CALL AND FORMED A MOB ARMY THEY ATTACKED THE SPANISH SEPTEMBER 16, 1810 *MEXICO’S INDEPENDENCE DAY THEY WERE VERY INEXPERIENCED AND WERE CRUSHED

A MILITARY COURT SENTENCED HIDALGO TO DEATH JOSE MORELOS CONTINUED THE REVOLT CAPTURE ACAPULCO CAUGHT AND EXECUTED AFTER SEEING THE COOPERATION BETWEEN THE NATIVES AND THE MESTIZOS, THE CREOLES AND THE PENINSULARES WERE FRIGHTENED WHY????

SO NOW THE PENINSULARES AND THE CREOLES ARE GOING TO WORK TOGETHER TO DEFEAT THEM BUT AFTER THAT THEY OVERTHREW THE SPANISH NOW THAT THEY ARE IN POWER AGUSTIN ITURBIDE IS THEIR LEADER 1821 MEXICO GETS ITS INDEPENDENCE ITURBIDE NAMED HIMSELF EMPEROR 1823 MEXICO BECOMES A REPUBLIC AND ITURBIDE IS DEPOSED

REVOLTS IN SOUTH AMERICA JOSE DE SAN MARTIN AND SIMON BOLIVAR “LIBERATORS OF SOUTH AMERICA” THEY LED THE REVOLUTIONS ARGENTINA, VENEZUELA, THROUGHOUT SOUTH AMERICA THE PURSUIT OF CHILE WAS VERY HARD FOR SAN MARTIN'S FORCES **WHY? NOW SPAIN IS STEADILY LOSSING MUCH OF SOUTH AMERICA *THE ONLY THREAT TO THEIR INDEPENDENCE CAME FROM THE CONCERT OF EUROPE THEY WANTED TO RESTORE SPANISH CONTROL THE BRITISH DID NOT WANT THIS TO HAPPEN THEY TRIED TO IMPOSE JOINT ACTIONS WITH THE U.S.

MONROE DOCTRINE GUARANTEED THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE NEW LATIN AM NATIONS AND WARNED AGAINST ANY EUROPEAN INTERVENTION IN THE AMERICAS BRITISH NAVY

DIFFICULTIES OF NATION BUILDING *BECAUSE OF THE WARS THERE WAS A LARGE LOSS OF 1. LIFE 2. PROPERTY 3. LIVESTOCK ALSO, THERE WERE DISPUTES OVER THE BOUNDARY LINES SO THEY FOUGHT EACH OTHER POOR ROADS, RAILROADS, AND JUNGLES *THIS MADE COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT THUS, THESE NATIONS WILL ONCE AGAIN FIND THEMSELVES DEPENDENT ON WESTERN NATIONS

RULE OF THE CAUDILLOS THE NEW NATIONS QUICKLY SOUGHT REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENTS BUT THEY HAD NEVER RULED THEMSELVES CAUDILLOS CAME TO POWER STRONG LEADERS WHO RULED BY MILITARY FORCE THE LANDED ELITES HELPED KEEP THEM IN POWER SOME CAUDILLOS WERE GOOD AND OTHERS WERE NOT EX – SOME BUILT ROADS, CANALS, PORTS, SCHOOLS

ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA RULED MEXICO FROM 1833 – 1855 MISUSED FUNDS, HALTED REFORM, CAUSED CHAOS AMERICAN SETTLERS IN TEXAS REVOLTED AGAINST HIM TEXAS GAINED INDEPENDENCE IN 1836 U.S. STATEHOOD IN 1845 MEXICAN WAR 1846 – 1848 MEXICO LOST TO U.S. LOST ALMOST HALF OF ITS TERRITORY

AFTER ALL OF THIS, THERE WAS A PERIOD OF REFORM BENITO JUAREZ 1855 – 1876 LIBERAL REFORMS INCLUSIVE EDUCATION, LAND DISTRIBUTION TO THE POOR, SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE JUAN MANUAL DE ROSAS ARGENTINA RADICAL CHANGE THIS LASTED ONLY UNTIL THE CAUDILLO DIED OR LOST POWER CIVIL WARS

A NEW IMPERIALISM LATIN AMERICA IS NOW DOMINATED ECONOMICALLY BY GREAT BRITAIN BRITISH INVESTORS AND MERCHANTS TOOK OVER LATIN AMERICA – 1. PROVIDED RAW MATERIALS 2. FOOD 3. PLACE FOR FINISHED GOODS *LATIN AMERICA IS DEFINATELY AN ECONOMIC COLONY FOR WESTERN NATIONS BUT NOT A POLITICAL COLONY

PERSISTENT INEQUALITY LAND WAS THE BASIS OF 1. WEALTH 2. SOCIAL PRESTIGE 3. POLITICAL POWER DURING THE 19TH CENTURY LANDED ELITE VS. OTHERS EX. – SANCHEZ NAVARRO FAMILY 17 ESTATES 16 MILLION ACRES THESE LANDED ELITES 1. RAN THE GOV 2. CONTROLLED THE COURTS 3. USED INEXPENSIVE LABOR 4. RETAINED LARGE PROFITS OTHERS – HAD NO LAND TO GROW FOOD – DIRE POVERTY

POLITICAL CHANGE IN LATIN AM THE LATIN AM GOVS WROTE CONSTITUTIONS SIMILAR TO THE U.S. AND EURO DEMOCRACIES *LIMITED VOTING RIGHTS ??????? THE UNITED STATES IN LATIN AM U.S. BEGAN TO INTERFERE IN LATIN AM POLITICS SPANISH-AM WAR 1898 CUBA BECAME A U.S. PROTECTORATE U.S. ANNEXED PUERTO RICO 1903 U.S. SUPPORTED PANAMA IN BECOMING AN INDEPENDENT NATION

THE U.S. WAS GIVEN A STRIP OF LAND PANAMA CANAL AMERICA BEGAN TO INVEST IN PANAMA THE U.S. SENT TROOPS TO PROTECT THOSE INVESTMENTS SOME LATIN AMS BEGAN TO RESENT THE U.S. “BIG BULLY” TO THE NORTH REVOLUTION IN MEXICO PORFIRIO DIAZ RULED MEXICO 1877 – 1911 CREATED A CONSERVATIVE CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT HE HAD THE SUPPORT OF 1. ARMY 2. LARGE LAND OWNERS 3. FOREIGN CAPITALISTS 4. CATHOLIC CHURCH

DURING DIAZ’S REIGN – 1. WAGES FOR WORKERS DECLINED 2. 95% OF THE RURAL POPULATION DID NOT OWN LAND 3. ALMOST 1000 FAMILIES OWNED ALL OF MEXICO FRANCISCO MADERA – LIBERAL LANDOWNER FORCED DIAZ OUT OF POWER 1911 MADERO WAS INEFFECTIVE IN REFORM AGRARIAN REFORM

EMILIANO ZAPATA STARTS TO LEAD THE REFORM HE AND THE LANDLESS PEASANTS BEGAN TO SEIZE ESTATES FROM THE WEALTHY 1910 – 1920 THE MEXICAN REV HURT THE MEXICAN ECONOMY 1917 A NEW CONSTITUTION WAS SET UP 1. LAND REFORM POLICIES 2. LIMITED FOREIGN INVESTMENT 3. HELPED THE WORKERS THIS IN TURN INCREASED PATRIOTISM

ECONOMIC CHANGE IN LATIN AMERICA PROSPERITY AFTER 1870 WHAT CAUSED THIS? EXPORTS – 1. WHEAT, BEEF – ARGENTINA 2. COFFEE – BRAZIL 3. BANANAS – CENTRAL AM 4. SUGAR, SILVER – PERU THESE PRODUCTS WERE EXCHANGED WITH EUROPE AND THE U.S. TEXTILES, MACHINES, AND LUXURY ITEMS

AFTER 1900 LATIN AM INCREASED ITS INDUSTRY TEXTILE, FOOD PROCESSING *THIS PROSPERITY HELPED THE MIDDLE CLASS GROW 5 TO 10% SOUGHT LIBERAL REFORM SHARED COMMON CHARACTERISTICS LIVED IN CITIES, WANTED EDUCATION, DECENT INCOME SAW THE U.S. AS A MODEL

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. NAME AND IDENTIFY THE 3 SOCIAL CLASSES IN LATIN AMERICA. 2. HOW DID THE CREOLES FEEL ABOUT THE PENINSULARES AND WHY? 3. IDENTIFYTOUSSAINT-LOUVERTURE. 4. IDENTIFY MIGUEL HIDALGO. 5. IDENTIFY MARTIN AND BOLIVAR.

THE HEIGHT OF IMPERIALISM

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