1. DNA and Protein Synthesis Chapter 11

2. DNA Structure & Function p58- video video Warm up: write down 1 thing you learned from the video. Warm up: write down 1 thing you learned from the video. DNA are complex molecules that hold all of our genetic information. DNA are complex molecules that hold all of our genetic information. DNA are made up of long chains of Nucleotides DNA are made up of long chains of Nucleotides Each nucleotide is made of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base. Each nucleotide is made of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base. The nitrogen bases include: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. The nitrogen bases include: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine. Draw and label figure 11.1 (c) on p. 282 on your left page of your notebook (1/3page) Draw and label figure 11.1 (c) on p. 282 on your left page of your notebook (1/3page)

3. Shape of DNA p58 video video It has a double helix shape, like a zipper that is twisted It has a double helix shape, like a zipper that is twisted The sugars and phosphates form the backbone of the strand and the bases pair up in the middle, like a ladder. The sugars and phosphates form the backbone of the strand and the bases pair up in the middle, like a ladder. The base pairs are always: G-C & A-T The base pairs are always: G-C & A-T video video video Answer questions #1-3 in problem solving lab11.1 on p283 on middle left page Answer questions #1-3 in problem solving lab11.1 on p283 on middle left page

4. Questions p 57 1. How are purines different from pyrimides?(top of 282) 2. What 3 substances make up a nucleotide? 3. Compare how DNA is like a ladder. 4. Finish the other side of the DNA with the correct base: C-A- T-G- A-C- G-T-

5. DNA Replication p60 Warm up: what part of the cell cycle does the DNA double? Warm up: what part of the cell cycle does the DNA double? Here’s how: video Here’s how: videovideo In the nucleus, the DNA is unzipped, making 2 strands. In the nucleus, the DNA is unzipped, making 2 strands. Nucleotides from the surroundings are brought in to pair with each strand. Nucleotides from the surroundings are brought in to pair with each strand. The 2 new strands are exactly like the original DNA. The 2 new strands are exactly like the original DNA. Animation: Animation: http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna- replication-basic-detail http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna- replication-basic-detail http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna- replication-basic-detail http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna- replication-basic-detail

6. From Genes to Protein p62 Warm up: discuss genetic engineering with your group. What are pros and cons? Warm up: discuss genetic engineering with your group. What are pros and cons?engineering The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA is a code for making proteins. The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA is a code for making proteins. Every 3 nucleotides codes for a certain amino acid. See chart p.292 Every 3 nucleotides codes for a certain amino acid. See chart p.292 amino acid amino acid Questions: top of p 61 Questions: top of p 61 What is UUU? What is UUU? CCG? AGG? UAA? GCG? CCG? AGG? UAA? GCG?

7. Chains of amino acids make up proteins. Chains of amino acids make up proteins. proteins. proteins. Proteins in our body make us who we are and keeps all of our systems working. Proteins in our body make us who we are and keeps all of our systems working. A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein. A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein. Middle of page 61: fill in concept map. Middle of page 61: fill in concept map. 3 of these code for Large chains make This is coded by a

8. DNA and RNA p62 DNA: Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid DNA: Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid RNA: Ribo-Nucleic Acid RNA: Ribo-Nucleic Acid RNA is a single strand and DNA is double stranded RNA is a single strand and DNA is double stranded The sugar in RNA is Ribose and it is Deoxyribose in DNA The sugar in RNA is Ribose and it is Deoxyribose in DNA Both have 4 nitrogen base pairs: Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine. But RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine. Both have 4 nitrogen base pairs: Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine. But RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine. DNA base pairs: G-C & A-T DNA base pairs: G-C & A-T RNA base pairs: G-C & A-U RNA base pairs: G-C & A-U Describe how DNA and RNA are different on bottom of p 61 Describe how DNA and RNA are different on bottom of p 61

9. Transcription: copying DNA to RNA inside the nucleus p64 video video Warm up: where are the directions for making proteins stored? Where are they made? Warm up: where are the directions for making proteins stored? Where are they made? In the nucleus, the DNA is unzipped and certain genes are copied. This copy is called messenger RNA. In the nucleus, the DNA is unzipped and certain genes are copied. This copy is called messenger RNA. It is the exact opposite of the DNA it copied and remember Uracil takes the place of Thymine. Let’s try p 63! It is the exact opposite of the DNA it copied and remember Uracil takes the place of Thymine. Let’s try p 63!

10. Transcription practice p 63 Make RNA from the given DNA: Make RNA from the given DNA: DNA mRNA DNA mRNA C T G A T G A T

11. Translation: when mRNA is used to make a protein p64 Then, mRNA goes to the ribosomes in cytoplasm where the protein is made. Then, mRNA goes to the ribosomes in cytoplasm where the protein is made. mRNA attaches to ribosome mRNA attaches to ribosome Every 3 base pairs on mRNA is called a codon Every 3 base pairs on mRNA is called a codon transferRNA (tRNA) have an anticodon and an amino acid attached to them. transferRNA (tRNA) have an anticodon and an amino acid attached to them. They bring in amino acids to the ribosome and the chains are linked together to make the protein. They bring in amino acids to the ribosome and the chains are linked together to make the protein.

12. Finally, the mRNA breaks apart and returns to the nucleus to be reused later. video Finally, the mRNA breaks apart and returns to the nucleus to be reused later. videovideo Minilab p293 on bottom half of left side Minilab p293 on bottom half of left side

13. Mutations: changes in DNA sequences p66 video video Warm up:are all mutations bad? Why or why not? Warm up:are all mutations bad? Why or why not? video video video Exposure to radiation, viruses, and errors during DNA replication, transcription or translation can cause mutations. Exposure to radiation, viruses, and errors during DNA replication, transcription or translation can cause mutations. Mutations can also be passed on to offspring from parents. Mutations can also be passed on to offspring from parents. Point mutation: a single base pair is incorrect and it changes only one amino acid. Most common type. Point mutation: a single base pair is incorrect and it changes only one amino acid. Most common type.

14. Frameshift mutation: a base is added or deleted from amino acid. This changes all the amino acids in the protein. Frameshift mutation: a base is added or deleted from amino acid. This changes all the amino acids in the protein. Compare Point and Frameshift mutations on the top of left page. Use fig 11.11 p298 for reference. Compare Point and Frameshift mutations on the top of left page. Use fig 11.11 p298 for reference. Chromosomal mutations: where parts of a chromosome are broken and lost or rejoined incorrectly. video Chromosomal mutations: where parts of a chromosome are broken and lost or rejoined incorrectly. videovideo Compare the 4 Chromosomal mutations on the bottom of your left page. Use fig 11.12 p300 for reference. Compare the 4 Chromosomal mutations on the bottom of your left page. Use fig 11.12 p300 for reference.