1. Understandings of Individualism (Liberalism)

2. Early Understandings and Development After the Medieval Period, was a period known as the Renaissance (circa 1450-1600); during this time, individuality became more important. The Protestant Reformation (circa 1500-1650) also contributed to growing individualistic ideals by challenging the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. A central idea of liberalism is the importance of individual liberty. In the American and French revolutions, people fought for liberal ideas such as individual rights and freedoms. In the 1900’s countries began developing as liberal democracies- a form of government in which the rights and freedoms of the individual are guaranteed. Ex?

4. Aspects of Individualism Individualism can be expressed in different ways: political, economic, and social aspects of liberalism. Political Aspects of Liberalism Focuses on the ideas that all members of society have the same legal rights and freedoms, regardless of their gender, race, or economic status. Economic Aspects of Liberalism Focuses on the individual’s right to property and the removal of government control in economic markets, so that the value of goods and services is decided by individuals (or individual companies), not the government. Social Aspects of Liberalism Focuses on the idea that individuals are the basis of society, and, as such, all individuals in society should be treated as equals and have access to the rights, the freedoms, and a quality of life.

5. Political Expressions of Liberalism Ideas from the French and American revolutions help form the basis of political expressions of liberalism Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen are documents which outline individual rights and responsibilities in a liberal society. Rule of Law and the Social Contract

6. No person is above the law; all people are equal under the law Must be clearly defined rules that make up the law, not arbitrary decisions made by “higher powers” States that if two people commit the same crime, they should receive the same punishment. This is why in a democracy, the judicial branch is separate from the other branches; the executive cannot manipulate the law to its own advantage. The government is held accountable to the people by elections and if the government abuses its power, then the people have a responsibility to replace them.

7. Individual rights and Freedoms Include rights such as freedom of religion, freedom of association, the right to life, liberty and the security of the person. In liberal democracies, an important right is the franchise, or right to vote.

8. In Canada, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms is in place to ensure that rights and freedoms are protected; however, these rights can be limited by “such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.” This means that there are laws that prohibit the promotion of hatred and/or discrimination – thus limiting freedom of expression Examples: Keegstra, hate propaganda

9. Rule of Law continued... Essentially, individual rights express to what degree individualism can be maintained To what extent an individual can live, and direct their life according to their own desires Strong individual rights protect a person’s ability to conduct themselves in any way they see fit HOWEVER, the rights of others cannot be trampled in this process.

10. Voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778) was a French writer and philosopher who is renowned for saying: “I may disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” What does this quote mean for individual rights and freedoms?

11. Economic Expressions of Liberalism In the 15-1700’s a system called mercantilism was largely followed by most of the European nations. This system was founded on the belief that the economy would work best when the working class was oppressed… no free time, no education, and no money. Adam Smith, an economist, transformed those beliefs with his book The Wealth of Nations

12. Adam Smith: Self-interest and competition Believed the economy would regulate itself if left alone. (Laissez Faire) Believed those that fail to complete fail to survive. (profit motive) The “invisible hand”: in working in their own self-interest, individuals will inadvertently benefit all of society; the market will solve all basic economic questions. If people work to benefit themselves, competition among produces ensures that the best product will be made at the lowest possible price due to the forces of supply and demand If consumers are sovereign, supply and demand will dictate the natural flow of the market. Father of the Market system and author of “The Wealth of Nations”

13. Self-interest and Competition Decisions should be made free from govt. control. In “laissez faire economics”, the government should adopt a “hands off” policy when it comes to economic decisions. Competition and profit motive find the most efficient and innovative methods of production. Individuals can best achieve their goals if they are allowed to have private ownership. “That which is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it. Every one thinks chiefly of his own, hardly at all of the common interest; and only when he is himself concerned as an individual.” -- Aristotle

14. Private Property The principle that no one can be denied the right to accumulate or trade valued items that are not in the property of others. Private property includes the right of use, which allows any owner to utilize their property in any preferred manner as long as it does not violate the rights of those around them. It also includes the right of disposal, which allows the owner to discard their property or transfer the ownership to another. Finally, private property includes the right to income, which is the right to use your property as a source of profit. This could include selling, leasing or renting. The first private property laws said to have been established in 24BC in Mesopotamia when the ruler, Urukagina, stated that no one could seize another’s property.

15. Perceptions of land ownership have caused clashes between some groups. For example, some Aboriginal groups believe that land cannot be owned, but is rather shared and a gift from nature. Modern understandings of private property developed during the Enlightenment; at first understood only to apply to land, but later expanded to include other forms of physical possession and intellectual property (artistic works, inventions, etc) Debates also arise regarding intellectual property as actual “ownership” is often hard to determine, and even when specified, often not respected.

16. Economic Freedom The freedom to buy what you want and to sell your labour, idea, or product to whomever you wish Ten factors to consider: In 2008, Canada was 10 th on the list due to the fact that the Canadian government intervenes in the economy to create stability. The economy in Canada is known as welfare capitalism due to modifications made after the Great Depression of the 1930s Business freedomInvestment freedom Trade freedomFinancial freedom Fiscal (tax) freedomProperty rights Degree of government regulation Freedom from corruption Monetary freedomLabour freedom

17. Social Expressions of Liberalism As liberalism evolved, more and more people began to favor the government playing a role in the rights and quality of life of citizens. Protecting rights, like under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, is an important part of liberal countries Universal education, and universal suffrage are also common social elements of liberal countries.