1. BGP and ICMP

2. Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) Like RIP, but no metrics. Just if reachable. Rtr inside a domain collects reachability information and informs the rtr on the boarder of the domain. Boarder rtr informs the internal rtr about reachability outside the domain. Rtrs establish com with pkts: nbr acquisition request, nbr acquisition reply or refusal, nbr cease request, nbr cease ack. Theoretically only legal topology (but tree would work): backbone

3. Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) R4R5 R6 R1 R3 R2 Domain1 2 Core Topologija u kojoj EGP ne funkcioniše 5*

4. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Different autonomous systems exchange routing information using BGP. BGP messages are exchanged between AS border routers. The protocol for exchanging messages between border routers of the same AS is Internal BGP (IBGP), and the protocol for exchanging messages between border routers of different AS is external BGP (EBGP).

5. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) BGP neighbors are configured. They exchange the control information through TCP connections. BGP is a distance vector protocol that is path based, i.e. for each network a sequence of AS to that network is advertised (path) to avoid loops.

6. BGP ASBR ASBEASBE EBGP IBGP

7. BGP Packets Between any two BGP routers a reliable TCP connection is established. Open establish com between rtrs of different AS; Update carries routing info; Notification last message before a connection is closed. It reports an error; Keepalive to inform about presence of nbr.

8. BGP Packet Header Keepalive packet equals the BGP packet header TypeAuthenticationLengthData 16B 2B1B Variable Packet type

9. BGP Packet Open 2B4B1B4B1B2B VersASHold-TimeBGP ID Optional Parameters Length Optional Parameters Max time during which rtr does not receive packet before concluding a problem. IP address of a rtr sender

10. BGP Packet Update Variable2BVariable 2B Unfeasible Routes Lngth Withdrawn Routes Total Path Attribute Lngth Path Attributes Network Layer Reachability Charasteristics of a path being advertised List of prefixes being advertised

11. Kinds of Path Attributes Well known vs. optional. Well known must be recognized and understood. Mandatory vs. discretionary. A mandatory must appear in the description of a route. Partial has been passed along if a router does not recognize it. Transitive vs. nontransitive. A transitive attribute is passed along by the router that does not recognize it and marked as partial. Non-transitive is not passed.

12. Path Attributes Origin. Values: IGP, EGP, Incomplete. It is well-known mandatory attribute. AS Path. Sequence of AS numbers which are along the path to the destination. Well-known and mandatory. Next Hop. The rtr to which a packet should be next forwarded toward the destination. Well- known and mandatory. Unreachable. Well known and discretionary.

13. Path Attributes Multi Exit Disc. Degree of preference that is received from AS nbr. Optional nontransitive. Local Preference. Degree of preference given to different routes within AS. Well-known discretionary. Atomic Aggregate. Denotes if some address is a result of the aggregation.Well-known discretionary. Aggregator. AS number and the router IP address that did the aggregation. Well-known discretionary.

14. BGP Packet Notification 1BVariable1B Error Code Error SubcodeError Data

15. Error Codes Message Header Error: Indicates a problem with a message header, such as unacceptable message length, unacceptable marker field value, or unacceptable message type. Open Message Error: Indicates a problem with an open message, such as unsupported version number, unacceptable autonomous system number or IP address, or unsupported authentication code. Update Message Error: Indicates a problem with an update message, such as a malformed attribute list, attribute list error, or invalid next- hop attribute. Hold Time Expired: Indicates that the hold-time has expired, after which time a BGP node will be considered nonfunctional. Finite State Machine Error: Indicates an unexpected event. Cease: Closes a BGP connection at the request of a BGP device in the absence of any fatal errors.

16. IBGP In order to avoid loop in AS, ASBR are connected in a full mesh. Alternatively, in each region there is a designated router which is a Route Reflector (RR). RRs are connected in a full mesh, and they receive updates from each rtr of the region and forward those to other routers. Or, AS is divided into confederations in which ASBRs are connected into full meshes. Each confederation has its own ID, and the path of confederations are added into the BGP packets.

17. Policy Based Routing in BGP Filters for receiving or advertising or forwarding info for certain prefixes can be implemented. Examples: Only prefixes that originate in certain AS can be accepted, or ads through certain AS cannot be accepted, or would not be forwarded etc. Policy based routing may cause instabilities in the network.

18. Internet Control Message Protocol

19. Commands Ping and Traceroute are based on ICMP messages. Ping determines if certain IP address is reachable, and what is RTT to it. Traceroute determines all routers on the way between two IP addresses.