2. 5 Interest Groups Politics of Influence

3. http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Magleby_Ch05_Interest_Groups_S eg1_v2.html Video: The Big Picture 5

4. http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_InterestGroups_v2.html Video: The Basics 5

5. I. Interest Groups Past and President: “Mischiefs of Faction” 5.1 Learning Objective: Explain the role of interest groups and social movements in American politics When a group of people share a common interest, they can form interest groups or even political parties to enact their goals into public policy. The Founders called these groups “factions,” and they worried that majority factions might trample on the rights of minorities. 5.1

6. A. A Nation of Interests 1. Interest groups: People that come together with similar goals or ideas who want to influence government. a.Demographic distinctions such as race, ethnicity, age, gender, religion, occupation, sexual orientation b.Ideology/policy preferences such as gun control or tax reform c. “Special interests” is a derogatory term used for groups whose policy goals are contrary to the public interest 5.1

7. http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_ME DIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg3_InterestGroups_v2.html Video: In Context 5.1

8. B. Social Movements 1. Origin of interest groups a. Social movements begin when people join together and take action for a significant issue, idea, or concern: Women’s, animal, civil, gay, immigration, environment, etc. 2. Bill of Rights a. Free speech b. Free assembly c. Due process 5.1

9. Arab Spring

10. 5.1 What is a modern term for faction? a.Special interest b.Political party c.Interest group d.All of the above 5.1

11. 5.1 What is a modern term for faction? a.Special interest b.Political party c.Interest group d.All of the above 5.1

12. II. Types of Interest Groups 5.2 Lesson Objective: Categorize American interest groups into types

13. A. Economic Interest Groups (most numerous) 1. Business a. Large corporations such as auto and banking industries b. Small Business Federation 2. Trade and Other Associations a. National Association of Realtors b. Chamber of Commerce 3. Labor, began with industrialization a. Unions form to improve wages, benefits & working cond. b. AFL-CIO ¾ of unionized labour 13% of population c. Open v. closed shop d. Democratic Party 5.2

14. 4. Professional Associations 1.AMA and ABA 2.State-level lobbying A. Economic Interest Groups 5.2

15. FIGURE 5.1: Union membership in the United States compared to other countries 5.2

16. FIGURE 5.2: Labor force and union membership, 1930-2011 5.2

17. http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg4_InterestGroups_v2.html Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist 5.2

18. B. Ideological and Single- Issue Interest Groups 5.2 1. Members share common viewpoint a. Single-issue groups (abortion, gun control, taxes) b. Unwilling to compromise 2. National Rifle Association (NRA) a. Largest and most powerful with 4 million members

19. C. Public Interest Groups 1. Claim to represent public interest such as Common Cause. Emerged from 1960’s social movements. a. Conducts and publish research b. Educates the public c. Lobbies politicians 5.2

20. http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg5_InterestGroups_v2.html Video: In the Real World 5.2

21. D. Foreign Policy Interest Groups 1.Council on Foreign Relations http://www.cfr.org/about/ http://www.cfr.org/about/ 2. Israel-Arab relations subject of many groups a. AIPAC http://www.aipac.org/http://www.aipac.org/ 3. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) a. Greenpeace b. Amnesty International 5.2

22. E. Public Sector Interest Groups 1. Governments are interest groups a. National Governors Association b. National League of Cities c. National League of Counties 2. Government employees a. National Education Association (NEA) 3.2 million members 5.2

23. E. Other Interest Groups 1. Why we join groups a. Common interest b. Shared identification c. Shared issue or concern 2. What groups do a. Educate public b. Lobby elected officials c. Provide information 5.2

24. TABLE 5.1: Environmental groups’ resources and strategies 5.2

25. 5.2 Which type of interest group is the most numerous? a.Economic b.Human rights c.Environmental d.Labor unions 5.2

26. 5.2 Which type of interest group is the most numerous? a.Economic b.Human rights c.Environmental d.Labor unions 5.2

27. III. Characteristics and Power of Interest Groups Lesson Objective: Analyze sources of interest group power http://www.opensecrets.or g/industries/ http://www.opensecrets.or g/industries/ 5.3

28. A. Size and Resources 1. Size matters a. Offer incentives 2. So does spread b. Concentration helps at state and local level versus dispersal which has members in every congressional district 3. Resources matter, too! Broader its reach into centers of power a. Money b. Volunteers c. Expertise c. Reputation 5.3

29. B. Cohesiveness and Leadership 1. Types of members a. Formal leaders b. actively-involved members c. Members in name only 2. Single-issue group = stronger cohesion a. planned Parenthood 3. Leadership a. Tricky when group is diverse 5.3

30. AARP

31. C. Techniques for Exerting Influence 1. Publicity, mass media, and the Internet a. Influencing the public to contact representatives b. Businesses have financial advantage c. Social media (moveon.org) d. Internet increases civic participation because communication is faster and cheaper 2. Mass mailing/E-mailing 1. Facilitated by computer technology 5.3

32. C. Techniques for Exerting Influence 3. Direct contact with government a. Federal Register b. “Notice and comments period” 4. Litigation a. Civil rights b. Amicus curiae briefs (friend of the court) 5.3

33. C. Techniques for Exerting Influence 5.3 5. Protest a. Demonstrations b. Occupy Wall Street 6. Contributions to campaigns a. PAC v Super PAC http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/superpacs.php

34. C. Techniques for Exerting Influence 5.3 7. Nonpartisan a. Donate to incumbents b. Endorsements c. Score cards 8. New political parties a. Green Party 9. Cooperative lobbying a. Like-minded groups work together in order to have more influence

35. Vote 4 Energy 5.3

36. 5.3 What are PACs? a.A coalition of labor unions b.The interest group that represents public employees c.The political arm of an interest group d.None of the above 5.3

37. 5.3 What are PACs? 5.3 a.A coalition of labor unions b.The interest group that represents public employees c.The political arm of an interest group d.None of the above

38. Explore the Simulation: You Are a Lobbyist http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_longman_media _1/2013_mpsl_sim/simulation.html?simulaURL=16 5.3

39. IV. Influence of Lobbyists Learning Objective: Describe lobbyists and the activities through which they seek to influence policy 5.4

40. A. Who Are the Lobbyists? http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=MjY5Zkt51wY http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=MjY5Zkt51wY 5.4 1. Revolving door a.Former public servants (50% of former congress people work in the lobbying industry) b.Tools of influence : Money, Charm, Personal influence, Persuasiveness, Knowledge, Issue networks c.Issue Networks d.Special relationships among interest groups, congressional committees and subcommittees, and government agencies that share a common policy concern.

41. B. What Do Lobbyists Do? http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/ http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/ 1. Competition limits influence 2. Money most important for re-election a. Volunteers b. Incumbent advantage 3. Types of information a. Political: consists of who supports what, and how strongly b. Substantive: impact of proposed laws and technical language to go into the legislation. 4. Taking their message to the people 5.4

42. 5.4 Who is most likely to become a lobbyist? a.A former teacher b.A former judge c.A former elected official d.A former farmer 5.4

43. 5.4 Who is most likely to become a lobbyist? 5.4 a.A former teacher b.A former judge c.A former elected official d.A former farmer

44. V. Money and Politics Learning Objective: Identify ways interest groups use money in elections and assess efforts to regulate this spending 5.5

45. A. Political Action Committees (PACs) 1. Political arm of interest group a. What PACs do 1. Give money to politicians 2. Persuade politicians to act or vote a certain way b. Interests represented by PACs 1. Corporations, trade, health, unions, ideological 5.5

46. FIGURE 5.3: Total PAC contributions to candidates for U.S. Congress, 1975-2010 5.5

47. TABLE 5.2: PACs that gave the most to federal candidates, cumulatively, 2000-2010 (millions of dollars) 5.5

48. A. Political Action Committees (PACs) 3. Super PACs Citizens United v. FEC (2010) 5.5

49. TABLE 5.3: Candidate supportive Super PACs and money they spent in 2011-2012

50. B. How PACs Invest Their Money 1. Incumbents a. PACs provide 42% of campaign funding 5.5

51. FIGURE 5.4: PAC contributions to Congressional candidates, 1998-2010 5.5

52. B. How PACs Invest Their Money 2. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2004 (BCRA) 3. Contributions to leadership a. Committee chairs, party leaders 5.5

53. C. Mobilizing Employees and Members and Other Modes of Electioneering 1.Persuading members how to vote that is consistent with the interest of the group or corporation 2.Soft money used to bypass rules and give money to parties rather than candidates 3. Issue ads have unlimited access to funding due to Citizens United v. FEC 5.5

54. Todd Akin and abortion controversy

55. D. Independent Expenditures 1. Unlimited campaign money as long as that expenditure doesn’t directly contribute funds to a candidate or party a. Disclosure requirements 2. Recent examples a. Super PAC spent $4.5 million in 2010 Illinois Senate race attacking Democratic candidate b. Super PAC spent $6 million in 2010 Colorado Senate race attacking Democratic candidate 5.5

56. TABLE 5.4: Independent expenditure by top interest groups, 2004-2010 5.5

57. E. Campaigning Through Other Groups 1. Issue advocacy: political contributions that avoid disclosure if ads do not use “vote for” or “vote against” 2. 527 organizations: political groups who can spend unlimited amounts of money on election activities. 5.5

58. 5.5 Which type of interest group has the most PACs? a.Environmental groups b.Ideological groups c.Corporations d.Unions 5.5

59. 5.5 Which type of interest group has the most PACs? 5.5 a.Environmental groups b.Ideological groups c.Corporations d.Unions

60. Explore Interest Groups: Can Interest Groups Buy Public Policy? http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_magleby_mpslgb p_25/pex/pex5.html 5.5

61. VI. How Much Do Interest Groups Influence Elections and Legislation? Learning Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of interest groups in influencing elections and legislation 5.6

62. A. Curing the Mischiefs of Faction—Two Centuries Later 1. What would Madison think? a. Influence unequal b. Gridlock c. Incumbent advantage 2. Can we regulate factions and preserve liberty? a. Disclosure 3. Interest groups foster self-government 5.6

63. 5.6 How can Super PACs sidestep financial disclosure regulations? 5.6 a.Take out ads that do not endorse a specific candidate b.Wait to disclose donors until the election is over c.Both A and B d.Neither A nor B

64. 5.6 How can Super PACs sidestep financial disclosure regulations? 5.6 a.Take out ads that do not endorse a specific candidate b.Wait to disclose donors until the election is over c.Both A and B d.Neither A nor B

65. How does money exert influence over public policy? Does the interest group with the most money always get its preferred public policies? What are some arguments for and against restricting the amount of money that groups can contribute to political campaigns? Discussion Question 5

66. Video: So What? http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_ME DIA_1/polisci/presidency/Magleby_Ch05_Interest_Group s_Seg6_v2.html 5