1. Economics and Environment Embargo Crisis Inflation Pollution and Protection

2. The Embargo Crisis An oil embargo imposed in 1973 by OPEC (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other Arab oil- producing nations) Why? 1973 War between Israel and Arab neighbors -Western nations supported Israel -In retaliation, OPEC refused to sell oil to countries allied with Israel -Overnight gas and oil prices jumped 400%

3. The Inflation Crisis The huge increase in oil prices started a round of inflation that would last most of the 1970s Prices of manufactured products went up dramatically while the power of the dollar fell Canadians demanded higher wages but as wages rose so did prices and the cycle of inflation continued Demand for product decreased which led to layoffs

4. Inflation and the Canadian Family Inflation stretched household budgets and so women were encouraged to go back to work Dual income families became common By 1978, the average families buying power had fallen for the first time since WWII

5. The Government Attempt to Fix Oil Prices The government froze the price of domestic oil and gas and imposed a tax on petroleum exported from Western Canada The money raised by the tax would subsidize the cost of imported oil in the East -Made Alberta very mad as it wanted to charge world prices for its oil -Government ripping them off

6. National Energy Program To deal with the oil crisis and rising gas prices the Liberals created the NEP Provided funding to Canadian petroleum companies to drill for oil in the Arctic and off Newfoundland Encouraged consumers to switch from oil to gas ands electric power By 1984 the price of oil had fallen and the NEP was dismantled -Left a lasting bitterness in the West

7. Environmental Movement In 1962, North Americans began to be aware of the extent of environmental damage A new occurrence began to form in which all the birds began to go missing and everything had a thin layer of soot, even in suburban areas Businesses resisted attempts to limit pollution, but public concern began to grow

8. Silent Spring Environmental science book written by Rachel Carson and published in 1962. -documented the detrimental effects on the environment— particularly on birds—of the indiscriminate use of pesticides Argued that the chemical industry was to blame as it was producing toxic pesticides and claiming that they are safe

9. GreenPeace Greenpeace was created in 1970 by a group of activists in BC to draw attention to environmental concerns Strong anti-nuclear message may have helped promote the end of the cold war Today it is an international organization with over 2.8 million members -Protect the world’s ecosystems and promote peace and non- violence

10. Mackenzie Valley The most significant Aboriginal victory during the 1970s The Inuit, Métis, and Indian Brotherhood (Dene)of the Yukon and NWT lobbied to halt the construction of oil and natural gas pipelines that run through their lands Demanded a study to determine the impact on the environment

11. Mackenzie Valley The Berger Commission recommended that construction of the pipeline be suspended for 10 years pending an environmental study and negotiations with Aboriginal peoples As of 2009 the Federal government did not invest in the pipeline and the Aboriginal Pipeline Group had become a 1/3 partner in the project

12. Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act Canadian government statute to prevent pollution of areas of the arctic waters adjacent to the mainland and islands of the Canadian arctic -Created a 100 mile pollution free zone around the islands of the Canadian Arctic -Strict environmental regulations and oil tanker traffic controlled

13. Why was it a Priority to Pass? Passed because the US was treating the Northwest Passage as an international waterway and allowing oil tankers to use this route without Canadian approval Not only did this impede Canadian sovereignty, but it increased the likelihood of an oil spill