1. Sometimes replication, transcription and translation don’t go as planned!
Replication, Transcription, and Translation errors result in mutations.
A mutation is any change in the DNA of an organism.

2. Truths about mutations!
MOST mutations are minor.
Many mutations are harmful.
Some mutations are lethal.
Very few mutations are helpful.

3. Mutations can occur as…
Germ Mutations mutations in gametes
Somatic Mutations mutations in body cells

4. Two Types of Mutations
Chromosome Mutations
2. Gene Mutations

5. Types of Mutations within chromosomes
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction

6. Deletion
a piece of a chromosome breaks off and is lost

7. Inversion
a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches itself in reverse order

8. Translocation
a broken piece attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome

9. Nondisjunction
a pair of chromosomes fail to separate during Anaphase I of meiotic cell division
results in trisomy or monosomy
Trisomy = three of one kind in a diploid cell
Monosomy = one of one kind in a diploid cell

10. Types of Gene Mutations
Point
Frame-shift

11. Point a change in a single nitrogen base in DNA
Often referred to as a “nonsense” mutation

12. Frameshift
the addition or deletion of a nitrogen base, causing a shift in the sequence of codons
the amino acid sequence is nonsense, coding for all the wrong amino acids

13. What causes a mutation?
Anything that causes a mutation is called a mutagen
Environmental mutagens include:
Ultraviolet radiation
Tars from tobacco
Asbestos